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his testimony to such fact or his production of such paper may tend to disgrace him or otherwise render him infamous. R. S. 103; act of June 22, 1938 (52 Stat. 942); 2 U. S. C. 193.

Whenever a witness summoned as mentioned in section 102 fails to appear to testify or fails to produce any books, papers, records, or documents, as required, or whenever any witness so summoned refuses to answer any question pertinent to the subject under inquiry before either House, or any joint committee established by a joint or concurrent resolution of the two Houses of Congress, or any committee or subcommittee of either House of Congress, and the fact of such failure or failures is reported to either House while Congress is in session, or when Congress is not in session, a statement of facts constituting such failure is reported to and filed with the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House, it shall be the duty of the said President of the Senate or Speaker of the House, as the case may be, to certify, and he shall so certify, the statement of facts aforesaid under the seal of the Senate or House, as the case may be, to the appropriate United States attorney, whose duty it shall be to bring the matter before the grand jury for its action. R. S. 104; act of July 13, 1936 (49 Stat. 2041); act of June 22, 1938 (52 Stat. 942); 2 U. S. C. 194.

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A. W. 1. Definitions, 358.

A. W. 27. Courts of inquiry; records of, when admissible, 384.

A. W. 28. Certain acts to constitute deser

tion, 385.

Court to announce action, 386. Closed sessions, 387.

A. W. 29.

A. W. 30.

A. W. 31.

Method of voting, 388.

courts-martial,

A. W. 32. Contempts, 389.
A. W. 33. Records; general

390.

A. W. 2. Persons subject to military law, 359. A. W. 34. Records; special

II. COURTS-MARTIAL

A. W. 3. Courts-martial classified, 360.

A. Composition

A. W. 4. Who may serve on courts-martial,

361.

A. W. 5. General courts-martial, 362.
A. W. 6. Special courts-martial, 363.
A. W. 7. Summary courts-martial, 364.

B. By whom appointed

A. W. 8. General courts-martial, 365.
A. W. 9. Special courts-martial, 366.
A. W. 10. Summary courts martial, 367.
A. W. 11. Appointment of trial judge advo-
cates and counsel, 368.

C. Jurisdiction

A. W. 12. General courts-martial, 369.
A. W. 13. Special courts-martial, 370.
A. W. 14. Summary courts-martial, 371.
A. W. 15. Jurisdiction not exclusive, 372.
A. W. 16. Officers; how triable, 373.

D. Procedure

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Action by convening authority, 403. Powers incident to power to ap

prove, 404.

Confirmation; when required, 405. Powers incident to power to confirm, 406.

A. W. 50. Mitigation or remission of sen

tences, 407.

A. W. 50%. Review; rehearing, 408. A. W. 51. Suspension of sentences of dismissal or death, 409.

A. W. 52. Suspension of sentences in general,

410.

A. W. 25. Depositions; when admissible, 382. A. W. 53. Execution or remission of sentence A. W. 26. Depositions; before whom taken,

to dishonorable discharge,

383.

411.

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A. W. 59. Advising or aiding another to de- A. W. 93. Various crimes, 451.

sert, 417.

A. W. 60. Harboring a deserter, 418.
A. W. 61. Absence without leave, 419.

C. Disrespect; insubordination; mutiny
A. W. 62. Disrespect toward the President,
Vice President, Congress,
Secretary of War, governors,
legislatures, 420.

A. W. 63. Disrespect toward superior officer,
421.

A. W. 64. Assaulting or willfully disobeying superior officer, 422.

gestures,

A. W. 94. Frauds against the Government,

452.

A. W. 95. Conduct unbecoming an officer and gentleman, 453.

A. W. 96. General article, 454.

IV. COURTS OF INQUIRY

A. W. 97. When and by whom ordered, 455.
A. W. 98. Composition, 456.
A. W. 99. Challenges, 457.

A. W. 100. Oath of members and recorders,

A. W. 65. Insubordinate conduct toward warrant or noncommissioned officer, 423.

A. W. 101.

A. W. 102.

A. W. 103.

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458.

Powers; procedure, 459.
Opinion on merits of case, 460.
Record of proceedings, 461.

V. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

A. W. 104. Disciplinary powers of commanding officers, 462.

A. W. 105. Injuries to property; redress of,

463.

A. W. 106. Arrest of deserters by civil offi

cials, 464.

465.

Refusal to receive and keep prison- A. W. 107. Soldiers to make good time lost,
ers, 429.
Report of prisoners received, 430.
Releasing prisoner without proper
authority, 431.

A. W. 108. Soldiers; separation from the

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service, 466.

E. War offenses

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explained, 468.

Copy of record of trial, 469.
Effects of deceased persons; dis-

position, 470.

Inquests, 471.

Authority to administer oaths, 472.

A. W. 115. Appointment of reporters and interpreters, 473.

A. W. 116. Powers of assistant trial judge advocate and of assistant defense counsel, 474.

A. W. 81. Relieving, corresponding with, or A. W. 117.
aiding the enemy, 439.
A. W. 118.

A. W. 82. Spies, 440.

F. Miscellaneous crimes and offenses

A. W. 83. Willful or negligent loss, damage,

Removal of civil suits, 475.
Officers; separation from service,
476.

A. W. 119. Rank and precedence among Reg-
ulars, Militia, and Volun-
teers, 477.

or wrongful disposition of A. W. 120. Command when different corps or
military property, 441.
commands happen to join,
478.

A. W. 84. Waste or unlawful disposition of

military property issued to A. W. 121. Complaints of wrongs, 479.
soldiers, 442.

1. BRITISH CODE.

In the early periods of English history military law existed only in time of actual war. When war broke out troops were raised as occasion required, and ordinances for their government, or, as they were afterwards called, articles of war, were issued by the Crown, with the advice of the constable or of the peers or other experienced persons, or were enacted by the commander in chief in pursuance of an authority for that purpose given in his commission from the Crown, Grose, Antiquities, vol. 2, p. 58.

These ordinances or articles, however, remained in force only during the service of the troops for whose government they were issued, and ceased to operate on the conclusion of peace. Military law in time of peace did not come into existence until the passing of the first mutiny act in 1689.

The system of governing troops in active service by articles of war, issued under the prerogative power of the Crown, whether issued by the King himself or by the commanders in chief, or by other officers holding commissions from the Crown, continued from the time of the conquest till long after the passing of the annual mutiny acts (Barwis v. Keppel, 2 Wilson's Rep. 314), and did not actually cease till the prerogative power of issuing such articles was superseded in 1803 by a corresponding statutory power. 43 Geo. III, ch. 20. The earlier articles were of excessive severity, inflicting death or loss of limb for almost every crime. Gradually, however, they assumed something of the shape which they bear in modern times, and the ordinances or articles of war issued by Charles II in 1672 formed the groundwork of the articles of war of 1878, which were consolidated with the mutiny act in the army discipline and regulation act of 1879, which was replaced by the army act of 1881. The army code of 1881, which now constitutes the military code of the British Army, has of itself no force, but requires to be brought into operation annually by another act of Parliament (now called "the Army and Air Force Annual Act"), thus securing the constitutional principle of the control of the Parliament over the discipline requisite for the government of the army. Manual of Military Law, War Office, 1929, pp. 6-14.

2. AMERICAN CODE.-(a) Code of 1775.-Passing over the earlier enactments of the American colonies of articles of war for the government of their respective contingents, of which we have examples in the articles adopted by the Provisional Congress of Massachusetts Bay, Apr. 5, 1775 (American Archives, 4th series, vol. 1, p. 1350), followed by similar articles adopted in May and June of the same year, successively, by the Provincial Assemblies of Connecticut and Rhode Island and the Congress of New Hampshire (idem, vol. 2, pp. 565, 1153, 1180), we come to the first American articles-Code of 1775-enacted by the Second Continental Congress, June 30, 1775. Of this code, comprising 69 articles, the original was the existing British Code of 1774, from which said articles were largely copied. The code was amended by the Continental Congress of November 7, 1775, by adding thereto 16 provisions, intended to complete the original draft in certain particulars in which it was imperfect.

(b) Code of 1776.—The Articles of 1775 were superseded the following year by what has since been known as the Code of 1776, enacted Sept. 20 of that year. It was an enlargement, with modifications, of the amended Code of 1775. There followed the amendments of 1786, regulating the composition of courts-martial, and generally the administration of military justice. As thus amended the code survived the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, being continued in force by successive statutes, "so far as the same are applicable to the Constitution of the United States." The necessity, however, for revision, in order to adapt the articles to the changed form of government, became obvious. This revision was accomplished by the act of Apr. 10, 1806 (2 Stat. 359), which superseded all other enactments on the same subject, and is generally designated as the Code of 1806. (c) Code of 1806.-The Code of 1806 (adopted by act of Apr. 10, 1806, 2 Stat. 359) was, in effect, a reenactment of the articles in force during and immediately following the period of the Revolutionary War, with only such modifications as were necessary to adapt them to the Constitution of the United States. It comprised 101 articles, with an additional provision relating to spies. During the War of 1812, 4 articles were amended, during the Seminole wars 3 articles were amended and 1 article added, and during the Civil War 17 articles were amended and 8 articles added.

(d) Code of 1874.-There was no formal revision of the Articles of War in the revision of the statutes of 1874, although there was such a restatement of them as was possible under the limited authority which was given the compilers of that revision. The code, as it appeared in the revision of 1874, embraced 128 articles, with the additional article as to spies, and these, with the amendments enacted since 1874, may be said to have been the military code of the United States for 110 years (i. e., down to the Code of 1916).

(e) Code of 1916.-The Code of 1916 was enacted Aug. 29, 1916 (39 Stat. 619), and, with the exception of certain articles taking immediate effect, became operative Mar. 1, 1917. This Code was a complete revision which eliminated obsolete matter and introduced many modifications and changes looking to a scientific and modern statement of military law. As modified by subsequent legislation, it remained the law until the enactment of the Code of 1920. A list of the amendments to this code is given below.

(f) Code of 1920.-The Code of 1920 was enacted June 4, 1920 (41 Stat. 787), as Ch. II of the act of that date, amending the national defense act of June 3, 1916, effective Feb. 4, 1921, except that arts. 2, 23, and 45 took effect immediately (355, post). A table of corresponding article numbers in the Code of 1874 and the Codes of 1916 and 1920 is given below. As the section numbers of the Code of 1916 were retained in the Code of 1920, except in art. 29, only one table is necessary. A short comparative statement of the Code of 1916 and the Code of 1920 is given below.

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1 Articles 72, 73, 75, 81, 82, and 83, Code of 1874, were replaced by act of Mar. 2, 1913 (37 Stat. 723), effective July 1, 1913.

The following articles of the code of 1874 not given in the above table had been repealed prior to the enactment of the Code of 1916 (the matter in such articies not appearing in later codes): Arts. 80 and 110, by sec. 2, act of June 18, 1898 (30 Stat. 484); art. 94, by sec. 2, act of Mar. 2, 1901 (31 Stat. 951); and art 123, by sec- 2, act of Mar. 8, 1910 (36 Stat. 235).

B. AMENDMENTS TO THE CODE OF 1916

Art. 50 was amended by act of Feb. 28, 1919 (40 Stat. 1211).

Arts. 52, 53, and 57 were amended by act of July 9, 1918 (40 Stat. 882).

Art. 112 was amended by acts of July 9, 1918 (40 Stat. 882), and Nov, 19, 1919 (41 Stat. 356).

C. CODE OF 1916 AND CODE OF 1920

(a) Article numbers correspond except as indicated in (b).

(b) Art. 29, Code of 1916, is in new art. 28; arts. 29 and 50%, Code of 1920, are new. (c) The following articles contain new matter of substance not in articles of 1916 or omit similar matter which was therein :

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