each party extended over a connected space of twenty-four years - 1801 to 1825, and 1861 to 1885.

The Federalist, Whig, and Republican parties are the only ones that have ever succeeded in defeating the Democratic Party in a national election.

The Federalist Party was in existence just thirty-six years, was succeeded by the Whig Party, which maintained a national organization for thirty-six years, that, in turn, was followed by the Republican Party, which in 1892 celebrated its thirty-sixth year.

The Republican Party was in its origin merely a party of opposition. Its chosen designation had but a negative signification, for it was adopted rather to bring an accusation of monarchical tendencies against the party in power, than to embody a political programme of its own, "It came into the possession of the government,” says Stanwood, “without a plan or a promise." Its adversaries applied to the members of the party at that time the terms " Jacobins" and "Democrats." See "Democrat."

Cartoon emblem, the elephant; introduced in Harper's Weekly, November, 1874, by the caricaturist, Thomas Nast, to represent the Republican vote, because that vote was timid and unmanageable. In December, for the same reason, he applied the elephant to the party. Sam. A nickname of the American or Know-nothing Party; current from 1854 to 1860. Given as referring to their cant about Uncle Sam. Sand Lot, or the W. P. C., “Workingman's Party of California.” Originated in San Francisco, in 1877, with Denis Kearney, Secretary of the " Workingman's Trade and Labor Union." The name, "Sand Lot," applied from a large, open space, covered with sand, on the west side of the city, where the meetings were held on Sunday afternoons to cheer denunciations of corporations, monopolists, and the rich generally, and to express their hatred of the Chinese, who were willing to take half the ordinary wages paid the white laborer. It became quite a factor in California politics, the creed being designated as " Kearneyism."

Scalawags. Applied to Southern-born men, native white Republicans, who had braved the social ostracism that followed their nonconformity to the formula that "this is a white man's government," and for the purpose of obtaining political office followed the same plan as "Carpetbaggers" (q.v.).

Scalawag: slang word, meaning a compound of loafer, blackguard, and scamp. Silver Grays. Applied to the conservative portion of the Whigs of New York, who supported the administration of President Fillmore and regarded the slavery question settled by the compromise of 1850. A convention of the administration held September 27, 1850, at Syracuse, to secure a vindication of the President's policy, etc. It resulted in an emphatic majority against the administration, whereupon Mr. Granger and several other administration men left the convention, and as many of them were elderly and gray-haired, upon the remark of one of the "stay-ins,” "There go the silver-gray!" the expression became a sobriquet.

Silver Republicans. Seceders of the Republicans, who left that party in 1896 because of the abandonment of its traditional policy of bimetallism.

It was organized at Manitou, Colorado, in July, 1896, holding a national convention at St. Louis. The only American political party that never ran a ticket of its own for any office, in any State, they allied with the Democrats in some States, with Populists in others, and with Democrats and Populists in other States, disbanding in 1900, except in the States of Colorado and Nevada.

Slight-revision. See "State (1776–1777)."

Small-state. See "State (1776–1777).”

Snappers. A section of the Democratic Party in New York State that called the regular State Convention for election of delegates to Chicago Convention, by assembling at Albany, New York, in 1892. It stood solid for David B. Hill, and became the anti-Cleveland nominating element supported by Tammany (q.v.).

They were designated "snappers" by the Cleveland adherents because of the arbitrary exercise of the power in the State committee in calling the State convention some months earlier than usual 66 -a snap" convention. This was done to insure the selection of Hill men and to avoid any chance for converting any of them to the cause of Cleveland. See "Antisnappers."

Snap: "vigor, energy, briskness, life," "quick and to the point."

Snow-flakes. A Missouri-ism given to the political faction that favored the gradual emancipation of the negro. The term being a sarcastic reference to black men. See "White-legs."

Snuff-takers. See "Silver Grays," " Woolly Heads."

Social Democracy. A faction organized in Chicago, in June, 1898, its principles being transplanted from its birthplace, Germany. One of its other strongholds at its introduction was Texas, it being otherwise supported by the Populist element of the Democratic Party receiving impetus from the Nationalist movement.

Its ultimate aim is, collective ownership, to be at war with capitalists, but not capital; it recognizes trades-union movements, advising the workman he can only attain ends through political means- a point radically different from the Socialist Labor Party; welcomes trusts as the beginning of a movement that will make it easier for governments to assume control of monopolies. It declares it enters as a national supporter upon a declaration for collective ownership. See "United Socialists," Nationalists."

Socialistic Labor. A communistic order, originating in 1888, to secure every citizen in the enjoyment of his right "to life, liberty, and

the pursuit of happiness"; the establishment of a Coöperative Commonwealth, in which every worker shall have the free exercise and full benefit of his faculties, multiplied by all the modern factors of civilization. See "United Socialists."

Party candidates placed in nomination for President and Vice-President in 1892.

Socialism abolishes private property and individual effort, and substitutes cooperative action and common property.

"That contemplated system of industrial society which proposes the abolition of private property in the great material instruments of production, and the substitution therefor of collective property, and advocates the collective management of production, together with the distribution of social income by society and of private property in the larger proportion of this social income.' -R. T. ELY.

Softs. See "Hards and Softs."

Soft-shells. A Democratic faction. See "Hard-shells."

South Americans. See "American."

Spell-binders. An association of speakers, managers, editors, and writers of the Republican campaign committee of 1888. Organized November 22, 1888, at New York, for social and political purposes.

The name was the outcome of a remark of Colonel Fairman in his reference to a campaign address at Jersey City: "I held them spellbound for two hours." The speakers of the committee ever afterward were referred to as "those Spell-binders," the title having been applied by William C. Goodloe, a member of the Republican National Committee, to the stumpspeakers employed by them, from many similar remarks in their reports as made by Colonel Fairman.

Squatter Sovereignty. See "Popular Sovereignty.”

Stalwarts. A division of the Republican Party in 1880, persistent advocates of a third term for Grant, supporting his nomination at the Republican National Convention to the end of the ballot, standing as a solid vote of 306; proclaiming themselves "Republicans at all times and under all circumstances." To commemorate the Stalwartism of the 306 members, medals were made and 306 distributed. A coalescence of all other factions at the convention nominated Garfield. To propitiate the Stalwarts, Arthur (a Stalwart) was chosen the party's candidate for VicePresident, and through the death of Garfield became President, the effect being to continue the breach, resulting in the overwhelming defeat of the Republican candidate for governor of New York. This disaffection or distinction in New York of Stalwarts and Half-breeds (q.v.) existed until Senator Platt became the head of the State party machine. The word Stalwart applied to the faction from the tenacity with which they clung to their candidate. Their leader was the Hon. (Senator) Roscoe Conkling, of Utica, New York.

State (1776-1777). See "National (1776-1777)." The delegates with a central idea of equal suffrage in a Congress. Some willing

the framework should be altered, if only the States should have equal power in it. This party, or faction, was also known as the Small-state party and the Slight-revision party.

The men that opposed the Constitution, since the Constitution spoke in the name of the people, while the Articles of Confederation in the name of the States. Hinsdale notes: "Some of those who opposed the Constitution on the ground that it provided for a national system or federal state, a few years later united with others who had favored it in the claim that it was only a confederation, and in forming a political party that was based on that idea. Had this been the common understanding in 1787 and 1788, those who favored the Constitution would have opposed, and those who opposed it would have favored, its ratification."

Strict Constructionists. The Democrat-Republicans (q.v.). The "Loose Constructionists" and "Broad Constructionists" interpreted the Constitution loosely and broadly, so as to give the Federal government increased power in various objects of national importance, the policy of attack.

The above titles are descriptive, the Federalists favored a stronger central government; the Whigs maintained for the central government the power of making certain internal improvements at national expense; Republicans maintaining for the central government the power of abolishing slavery, of coercing a rebellious State and protection of the slaves when free. "Strict" construction of the Constitution where it does not specifically authorize. First known as Anti-Federal, then Republican, soon taking name of Democrat-Republican, finally Democrat. They have held fourteen Presidential terms.

"Broad Constructionists" were the Federal, National Republican, Whigs, finally the Republican Party; they have controlled fifteen Presidential terms.

The Broads reëlected four candidates, — Washington, Lincoln, Grant, and McKinley; the Stricts, five candidates, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, and Cleveland.

Strong Government Whigs. They desired a government, Republican in form, with checks upon the impulses or passions of the people, liberty sternly rebuked by law, and that law strengthened and conjoined by a central authority, and the authority of the national government to be final in its appeal (see "Federalists"). Opposed to them were the Particularists.

Suffrage Party. A Rhode Island faction in 1842 that was a supporter of Thomas W. Dorr, the outcome of their main measure bringing about the "Dorr Rebellion" (q.v.). Rhode Island was governed by its colonial charter, which imposed a property qualification so high as to disfranchise two-thirds of its citizens - the opposition to which was main

tained by the Suffrage Party, their advocate of the measure being the "Law and Order Party" (q.v.).

Tammany, or Tammany Society. A political organization located in New York City. The Association owes its origin to William Mooney of New York, an upholsterer, a leader of the Liberty Boys during the administration of Washington.

The " Tammany Society was formed May 12, 1789, with the probable purpose of antagonism to the Cincinnati Society, which had an aristocratic tendency. According to its first constitution, it was intended "to connect in indissoluble bonds of friendship American brethren of known attachment to the political rights of human nature and the liberties of the country." Tammany had in view the preservation of democratic institutions from contamination, by preventing the adoption of any aristocratic principles. Its first meeting was held May 12, 1789.

The society was based upon the idea of a recognition of Columbus, the management to represent the New World as the product of engrafting European civilization upon aboriginal stock. The government of the society to be that of a white man, assisted by twelve chief Councillors. At this time there was a desire to adopt American legends and emblems, and some Pennsylvania clubs had adopted the name Tammany from a half-mythical Delaware Indian chief named Tamanend, adding to their formula of ceremonies Indian names, places of meetings, etc., as wigwams; their chiefs, Sachems; their master-of-ceremonies, a Sagamore; their door-keepers, Wiskniskies; their paraphernalia being noted, wampum, feathers, buck-tails, pipes, and other articles peculiar to Indian life; their seasons, "Blossoms," "Fruits,' ," "Snows," and " Hunting"; months, "Moons," etc.

This popular Indian impression passed into this organization, which adopted in 1805 the Tammany tradition, incorporating themselves as "The Columbian Order of the Tammany Society."

It was at first a convivial society, drifting gradually into politics. It has been a professed adherent of the Democratic Party, giving itself to practical politics, with a high state of organization and discipline, swayed by a secret and irresponsible interior committee of grand Sachems, whose will is implicitly obeyed by a huge organization, ramifying into every ward and precinct in the city. See "Tigers."

The legend: Tamanend, the mythical Indian chief, inherited the region west of the Alleghany Mountains, extending northward of the Ohio. For many years he waged a relentless war with his mortal enemy, the Evil Spirit, who persistently annoyed and vexed Tamanend by poisonous sumach, stinging nettles, rattlesnakes, and a plague of wild beasts as well as other torments. It was of no avail, so the Evil Spirit determined to have a handto-hand conflict, a terrific battle ensuing, that lasted for fifty days, when Tamanend threw the Evil Spirit, and would have rolled him into the river had not an immense rock intervened. At this juncture Tamanend was so exhausted, the Evil Spirit was able to slip away, but not before warning was given him to confine himself to the cold and remote regions of the North. Tamanend ever after devoted himself to the arts of peace, introduced many agricultural improvements, won the lasting love of his tribe, lived to a good old age, and was buried with extraordinary honors. A curious old mound was raised over his grave, which it is claimed antiquarians have discovered within the great Indian fort near Muskingum.