lock in Renfrewshire, Scotland. The name is from the Gaelic, Pollag, a little pool, pit, or pond; a diminutive of pol, a pool. It is vulgarly pronounced Pock or Polk, further corrupted by pronunciation into Pulk in Norfolk, meaning "a puddle or shallow pool."

Taylor. From the name of a trade, the Norman being tailleur. Fillmore. Fille, Saxon, denoting "fulness or plenteousness"; Mere, a lake, or moist section of ground; "fertile piece of ground." The spelling at different times being Fylmere, Filmour, and Filmore. Other derivations, in Filea; Celtic and Gaelic, "a bard, a historian"; mor, "great"; that is, "the famous bard."

The Fileas among the Gauls or Celts were held in great esteem, and their office was honorable. They turned the tenets of religion into verse and animated the troops, before and during an engagement with martial odes, and celebrated the valorous deeds of the chieftains, and princes who entertained them.

Ferguson says of the second syllable: "More is probably in most cases from Anglo-Saxon Mára, renowned. Among the various compounds may be noted Filmore, Fillmer, or Phillimore, the Old High German. Filimer, "full-famous," like Filbert, full-bright." In some compound names, however, the word is more probably Old Norse már, "a gull."

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Pierce. A spelling of Percy, the renowned family of Northumberland, England, whose name is derived from Percy Forest in Normandy (province of Maen). Percy from pierre, “a stony place." It may be a derivative of the French percer, "to bore, to drill, to penetrate, to pierce," or the Teutonic word pirsen, "to hunt."

Buchanan. A parish in the Shire of Sterling, Scotland. Arthur notes: "The derivation of the name is uncertain; it is probably from the same root as Buchan, the Gaelic boc, bocan, deer, meaning in its doubled syllable, a place abounding in deer."

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Lincoln. From Lincoln, England. Lin in the Gaelic, Welsh, and Cornish-British signifies "a pool, pond, or lake"; coln, "the ridge or neck of a hill." The name thus applied to the locality from its situation, it occupying the top and side of a steep hill, on the river Witham.

Johnson. Son of John. John (Hebrew) meaning "gracious God's grace."

Grant. Playfair says as follows:

In the Saxon, Grant signifies crooked or bowed. Thus Cambridge, the town and University in England, so-called, signifies a crooked bridge, or rather a bridge upon Cam River, or the crooked or winding river." The Saxons called this town Grantbridge; Cam in the British and Grant in the Saxon being of the same signification, "crooked.' So Mons Gramphius, the Grampian Hill was called by the Saxons Granz Ben, or “the crooked hill"; but we cannot see from this Saxon word how the surname should be borrowed.

In the Old Irish Grandha, signifies ugly, ill-favored. Grande signifies dark or swarthy. Grant and Ciar signifying much the same thing, or are synonymous words, and there being a tribe of the Grants called Clan Chiaran, it is the same as Clan Grant. Thus the surname might have been taken from a progenitor that was Chiar or Grant, that is to say, a swarthy or gray-headed man; and though in time Grant became the common and prevailing surname, yet some always retained the other name, Chiaran, and are called Clan Chiaran.

In the French, Grand signifies great, brave, valorous, and from thence many are inclined to think that the surname Grant is taken from Grand, which in the Irish is sounded short, and thereby the letter d at the end of the word is changed into t, thus Grand into Grant.

The surname, it seems, was thus understood in England about five hundred years ago, for Richard Grant was made Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 1229, and is, in Anderson's Genealogical Tables, as well as by others, expressly called Richard Grant. But the English historians of that time, writing in Latin, called him Richardus Magnus, which plainly shows that they took Grant to be the same with the French Grand and the Latin Magnus. In the old writs the article the is put before the surname Grant.

Hayes. (Anglo-Norman.) Hay meaning a hedge, an enclosure; to enclose, fence in, a protection, a place of safety.

"But right so as these holtes and these hayes."

-Troilus and Creseida, CHAUCER.

In the reign of Kenneth III., about 980, the Danes having invaded Scotland, were encountered by that king near Loncarty, in Perthshire. The Scots at first gave way and fled through a narrow pass, where they were stopped by a countryman, of great strength and courage, and his two sons, with no other weapon than the yokes of their ploughs; upbraiding the fugi tives for their cowardice, he succeeded in rallying them; the battle was renewed, and the Danes totally discomfited. It is said that after the victory was obtained, the old man, lying on the ground wounded and fatigued, cried, "Hay, Hay!" which word became the surname of posterity. — DOUGLAS.

Garfield.

(Saxon.) Garwian, to prepare; German and Dutch gar, dressed, done, ready, prepared; field, a place were everything is furnished necessary for an army.

Arthur. (British.) "A strong man.' Ar (Latin vir), a man; thor, strong. In the Gaelic, air is the same as fear, a man; the ancient Scythians called a man Aior. Thor was the Jupiter of the Teutonic races, their god of Thunder. In Welsh, arth is a bear, an emblem of strength and courage; ur a noun termination, a man; Arthur, a bear-man, a hero, a man of strength.

Cleveland. As a family surname, derived from a place of that name in Yorkshire, England, a corruption of "Cliff-lane,” so called from its being almost impassable with cliffs and rocks. Cleve, clive, clift, AngloSaxon for "a cliff." Land (Anglo-Saxon), originally Celtic, meaning "a people, an inhabitant.”

McKinley. Is of Celtic origin, the original Gaelic form is said to have been Mac-an-Ollaimh, "the son of the bard," later corrupted into McQually, thence McKinlay.

It is also said to form on Finlay, "fair hair." It being claimed that a century and a half ago some representatives of the clan McKinlay went over from the west coast of Scotland to the north of Ireland, and during the residence of the family there the name was modified to its present form, the "a" being changed to "e."

M', i.e. Mac or Mc, a Gaelic prefix meaning "son." Kinley stands for the Gaelic Cionnfhaoilidh (pronounced Kineely), literally "the man with the glad countenance." From the adjective faoilidh, "glad, joyous," comes the noun faoilte, modern Irish form, fáilte, "gladness." It is the

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a

word now used for "welcome," as in the phrase, ceud mille fáilte, hundred thousand welcomes." MacKinley (McKinley), "the descendant of the man with the joyous countenance," literally "head of hospitality or chief hospitaller." Ceann or cionn, "a head chief, top, or point."

McKinley, a variation of the Scottish name MacKinlay, borne by a sept of the Farquharsons of Braemar and Deeside. About 1500, Findlay or Finlay Farquharson was known as Finlay or Findla Mór, or the Great Findla, from his herculean stature. He had four sons who were called

MacIania MacKinlay or "sons of Finlay," from Finlay, the Gaelic form of which is Fionnladh, the form Mac Fhionnlaidh, meaning "son of Finlay."

There is no k in Gaelic, although used in Anglicized names. In Gaelic the name is Macfhionnlaidh, fh being elided for euphony, hence pronounced "Mach-un-lay or Mach-ionn-lay," as near as English can show. Fionnladh is Finlay, the i being inserted to show the possessive case, as well as the h after the F.

Roosevelt (Rose-a-velt). The original family bore the name Van Roosevelt, translating "of the field of roses," descriptive of their estates in Holland. Claes Martenszen Van Rosenvelt, born August, 1649, emigrated to New Amsterdam (New York). His son (1653) and all of his descendants dropped the Dutch title, Van.

PRESIDENTIAL SOBRIQUETS.

Washington. Father of his Country. "Providence left him childless, that his country might call him father."

"For the might that clothed

The Pater Patria for the glorious deeds

That make Mount Vernon's tomb a Mecca shrine."

-SIGOURNEY.

The first application of the title "The Father of his Country," as applied to Washington, is traceable to an Almanac printed in 1779, at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The publication had in its frontispiece a picture of Fame holding in one hand the portrait of Washington in a medallion, and with the other, holding to her lips a bugle, from which are issuing the words „Des Landes Vater," which being translated is, "Father of his Country.”

Pater Patria. "This, the highest honor that man can receive on earth, was not as of old, a title given to an adored chief by victorious soldiers who, however renowned for their valor, were always open to the influence of personal and temporary feelings; nor was it obtained through the instrumentality of a venal Senate; neither did it originate in state-craft or priest-craft, which have in every age paid homage to the great men of the world for selfish and sinister purposes. The high honors to Washington . . . sprang from the disinterested and deliberate judgment of an intelligent, virtuous, and free people, who felt that he had, in his military

capacity alone, done incomparably more than any other man for the establishment of their Independence, and that in all his civil service he had been actuated by the same upright motives which had governed his whole previous career, and that in that sphere also, as in every act of his life, he had placed the performance of public duties and the advancement of public interests before all other earthly considerations. . . . So regarding his whole career, they with one accord gave him the highest place on the roll of fame and the first in their hearts." VAN BUREN, Political Parties, p. 65.

...

The first individual belonging to an epoch strictly historical, who received the title Pater Patria was Cicero, to whom it was voted by the Senate after the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy.

"Father of his Country " has been applied to many individuals : — "Joab, the father of the valley of Charashim."

1 Chron. iv. 14.

Its first application was offered by the Romans to MARIUS for his annihilation of the Teutones, near Aix in 102, and the Cimbri at Vercellæ, July 30, 101 B.C.

CAIUS JULIUS CESAR was so-called, subsequent to his quelling the Spanish insurrection at the battle of Munda, March 17, 95 B.C.

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO, B.C. 62, for breaking up the Catiline conspiracy.
AUGUSTUS CÆSAR, B.C. 31-14 A.D.

"Pater atque Princeps" (HORACE).

Emperor ANDRONICUS PALEOLOGUS, the elder, assumed the title, 1260-1332 A.D. Admiral ANDREA DORIA (1465-1560) termed the "liberator" and the "father of peace by the Genoese, August 5, 1529 a.d.

COSMO I., DE MEDICI, grand duke of Tuscany (1519-1574 A.D.), is designated on his tombstone, Cosmus Medici | Ilic situs est Decreto publico, | Pater Patria. LAURENCE O'TOOLE, Archbishop of Dublin, died November 14, 1180.

LOUIS XVIII. of France, 1765-1824.

It was also one of the titles of FREDERICK I., Emperor of Germany.

American Fabius. His military policy resembling that of the Roman General Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as adopted against Hannibal, in declining to risk a battle in the open field, preferring to harass by marches, counter-marches, and ambuscades. (It is an historical fact that Washington never won a battle.)

Chief Justice Marshall notes:

He has been termed the American Fabius; but those who compare his actions with his means, will perceive at least as much of Marcellus as of Fabius in his character. He could not have been more enterprising without endangering the cause he defended, nor have put more to hazard without incurring justly the imputation of rashness. Not relying upon those chances which sometimes give a favorable issue to attempts apparently desperate, his conduct was regulated by calculations made upon the capacities of his army, and the real situation of his country.

The Cincinnatus of the West. So expressed by Lord Byron in his "Ode to Napoleon," verse 19:

Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus, the Roman, was ploughing his field, when he was saluted as Dictator. After he had conquered the Volsci and delivered his country from danger, he laid down his office and returned to his plough.

"And Cincinnatus, awful from the plough."

-THOMSON, Winter, 512.

The application to Washington was an allusion to his coming from his retirement at Mount Vernon to assume the Presidency.

Atlas of America.

Having a new world on his shoulders.

Lovely Georgius. A sarcastic nickname applied by the English soldiery. "Old Mother Hancock with a pan

All crowded full of butter,

Unto the lovely Georgius ran,
And added to the splutter."

-6th stanza, Adam's Fall: the Trip to Cambridge. 1775. Flower of the Forest, used by the Seneca Indian chief, Red Jacket, in one of his "powwows."

"General Washington, whom the chief used to call the flower of the forest,' presented him with a silver medal which he never ceased to wear."-TUCKERMAN, Book of Artists, p. 212.

Deliverer of America. Expressed on the title-page of the play of "Bruto" (the first Brutus), a tragedy by the Italian poet, Vittorio Alfieri.

DEDICATION. "The name of the Deliverer of America alone can stand in the title-page of the tragedy of the Deliverer of Rome. To you, most excellent and most rare citizen, I therefore dedicate this: without first hinting at even a part of so many praises due to yourself, which I now deem all comprehended in the sole mention of your name.'

Step-father of his Country. Sarcastically applied by bitter opponents during his Presidency.

Savior of his Country, appeared in the "Gazette of the United States," April 25, 1789.

Adams. Colossus of Independence, Atlas of Independence, Partisan of Independence. The quick second to the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, and to whose influence and efforts for Colonial Independence in the Continental Congress the ultimate adoption of the Declaration of Independence is due. A coincidence occurred in his death on the semi-centennial anniversary of its adoption (July 4, 1826).

President of Three Votes. An epithet applied to Adams by his political opponents, who claimed that but for the bad faith of two Pennsylvania electors, chosen for Republicans, Jefferson would have been President instead of Adams (1796). See page 298.

American Herschel. The newspapers of the day so styled him, because he discovered the approach of the baneful French comet (war with France) before his fellow-citizens. (Sir F. William Herschel, English astronomer.)

"A patriot sage who had forecast events and warned an incredulous public to prepare seasonably against coming dangers."-SCHOULER, V. 1, p. 392.

The Macchiavelli of Massachusetts. The Federalists after their defeat in the Presidential election of 1800, as one of their last acts, in a sort of