Such is the idea which the writer of the present work has kept before him. To succeed even partially in realizing it, would be a sufficiently useful achievement, to induce him to incur willingly all the chances of failure. It is requisite, however, to add, that although his object is practical, and, as far as the nature of the subject admits, popular, he has not attempted to purchase either of those advantages by the sacrifice of strict scientific reasoning. Though he desires that his treatise should be more than a mere exposition of the abstract doctrines of Political Economy, he is also desirous that such an exposition should be found in it. The present fifth edition has been revised throughout, and the facts, on several subjects, brought down to a later date than in the former editions. Additional arguments and illustrations have been inserted where they seemed necessary, but not in general at any considerable length. in the transport and distribution of the produce 7. Labour which relates to human beings 53 CHAPTER III. Of Unproductive Labour. 4. All other labour, however useful, is classed as unproductive 5. Productive and Unproductive Consumption. CHAPTER IV. Of Capital. § 1. Capital is wealth appropriated to reproductive employment 2. More capital devoted to production than actually employed 3. Examination of some cases illustrative of the idea of Capital 78 6. Capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual 7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation 8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans 9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labour. 10. Fallacy respecting Taxation CHAPTER VI. Of Circulating and Fixed Capital. § 1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what. 2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circu- 3. this seldom if ever occurs CHAPTER VII. On what depends the degree of Productive- § 1. Land, labour, and capital, are of different productiveness 124 § 1. Combination of Labour a principal cause of superior pro- 2. Effects of separation of employments analysed 3. Combination of labour between town and country CHAPTER IX. Of Production on a Large, and Production on a Small Scale. 142 § 1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufactures 162 2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle 168 3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production. 174 4. Large and small farming compared CHAPTER X. Of the Law of the Increase of Labour. § 1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of § 1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent 199 CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Production § 1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the real limits to production . . 2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing |