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271. RYTHM-poetical measure, or verse; | Proverbs. 1. Truth-is but another name--for of which there are various kinds. Prose-is fact. 2. There is a mental, as well as civil comman's natural language, which is rather monwealth. 3. The end of learning, is usefulloose and unconfined. Poetry-originates in ness,-not reputation. 4. Study the principles of the affections, prose in the thoughts, of the things, as well as their uses. 5. Common sense human mind; tho' some poems are occasion--which is very un-common, is the best sense ally prosaic, and some prose-poetic: feel- in the world. 6. No one can hit a mark, without ing predominates in the former,-thought, aiming at it; and skill is acquired, by repeated in the latter. Our rules for reading and attempts. 7. Never do anything with indifference; and do everything as perfectly as possible. 8. speaking are the same, whether in prose or Never cut out a piece of a newspaper, till you poetry: for in all cases, the manner must be have looked on the other side. 9. In prosperity, adapted to the matter; the sound to the -prepare for a change; in adversity,-hope for sense: in other words, the mind's perception one. 10. Haste-is a poor apology; take time, and and feeling of the matter, must dictate the ap-Co your work well. 11. Personal effort-seldom propriate manner; "suit the action to the fails to obtain its object. 12. Some people never word, the word to the action; and o'erstep have enough. not the modesty of nature."

Yon cloud is bright, and beautiful—it floats
Alone in God's horizon; on its edge

Autumn. It was a glorious day in autumn. The sky, of unsullied blue, glowed like a sapphire. The universal air-was fill

The stars seem hung iike pearls: it looks as pureed with stillness. Not a breeze whispered-
As 'twere an angel's shroud,-the white cymar
Of purity, just peeping through its folds
To give a pitying look-on this sad world.
Go visit it, and find, that all is false;
Its glories-are but fog, and its white form
Is plighted to some coming thunder-gust ;--
The rain, the wind, the lightning, have their source
In such bright meetings. Gaze not at the clouds,

not a bird flapped its wing. It was the triumph of repose-when the undying energies of man--slumbered for a moment,-when even the conflict of his passions was suspended. Beautiful, melancholy autumn! whose ruddy ripeness--whispers of decay; whose richest tints--mingle with the "sear and yel Nowever beautiful. Gaze at the sky, low leaf," as if the lusty year--had toilea The clear, blue, tranquil, fixed, and glorious sky. through youth and manhood for wealth, 272. AGRICULTURE-is the art of cultiva- which overflows, just when waning life--inting the ground; it includes, also, the rear-dicates, that the power of enjoyment-is passing and management of domestic animals; ing away. it is sometimes called Farming, and Husbandry: and, although simple in its operations, it derives great benefit from Machinery, -whence it takes its implements; from Chemistry, whence it derives a knowledge of soils, and the means of fertilizing them; from Botany, which teaches a knowledge of the plants to be cultivated or destroyed; and from Zoology-which teaches the habits and peculiarities of the animals it rears, and the means of improving them for use-and-depending, apparently, on contingent cirprofit.

Anecdote. Kosciusko, the hero of Poland,
wishing to make a present to a Clergyman,
sent it by a young man, and desired him to
take the horse, which he himself usually rode.
On his return, the young man said-he
would never ride his horse again, unless he
gave
his purse at the same time; for, said he,
"as soon as a poor man on the road takes off
his hat, and asks charity, the horse immedi-
ately stops, and will not stir, till something
is given the petitioner; and as I had but lit-
tle money with me, I was obliged, when it
was gone, to feign giving something, in order
to satisfy the horse."

Cursed be your senate; cursed your constitution;
The curse of growing factions-and divisions-
Still vex your councils, shake your public safety,
And make the robes of government-you wear,
Yateful to you, as these chains are to me.

Varieties. 1. What is the difference-,
between reading and reflection? 2. To look
away from principles, and see only their ap-
plication, tends to idolatry. 3. Suspicion is
the effect--of the association of ideas--mis-
directed by the imagination; it never exists
--without a shade of insanity.
Tho' deep, yet clear; tho' gentle, yet not dull,
Strong, without rage,—without o'erflowing-full.
5. In what manner is uniformity in events

cumstances, to be accounted for? 6. Only
by appealing to first principles--can we re
cover, or maintain--the spirit and essence,
of genuine wisdom, and intelligence. 7 The
greatest degree-of self-abasement, if real, is
the nearest approach to the Divine Presence.
Nay, shrink not-from the word "Farewell,"
As if 'twere Friendship's final knell :

Such fears-may prove but vain:
So changeful-is life's fleeting day,
Whene'er we sever, Hope may say,

We part, to meet again.
Even the last parting-earth can know,
Brings not unutterable wo

To souls, that heavenward soar ;
For humble Faith, with steadfast eye,
Points to a brighter world on high,
Where hearts, that here—at parting sigh,
May meet, to part no more.
Dutia are ours; consequences-are God's

Proverbs. 1. Never begin things, and then leave them unfinished. 2. Have a place for every thing: and when you have used it, put it back again. 3. Proverbs-bear age; and he, who would do well, may see himself in them, as in a lookingglass. 4. Politeness-costs nothing, and may do much good. 5. Tediousness-is often fatal to our object. 6. Where there is no hope, there is no endeavor. 7. Unequal friendships-are easily dissolved. 8. Sloth-consumes faster than labor. 9. Lost time-is never found again; and time enough yet, is always little enough. 10. Industry-pays debts; despair-increases them. 11. Troops of fu

cess-consecrates the foulest crimes.

Anecdote. The Boys and Frogs. L'Es trange tells us, in his fables, that a number of boys were one day watching frogs at the side of a pond; and that when any of them put their heads above the water, the boys pelted them down again, with stones. One' of the frogs, appealing to the humanity of the boys, made this striking observation,— "Children, you do not consider, that though this may be sport to you, it is death to us."

Folly and Wisdom. Many parentslabor hard, and live sparingly, that they may give their children a start in the world: but setting a son afloat with money left to himis like tying bladders under the arms of one who cannot swim; and ten to one he will drown; but teach him to swim, and he will never need bladders: give a child a good education, and it will give him such a start-as will secure usefulness and victory in the race he is to run.

973. The three philosophical divisions of Poetry (as well as of Prose) in relation to the mind, are--RELIGIOUS, having reference to the supreme Being, and what is above us in the scale of creation; the SOCIAL and CIVI, or middle; what is around us, and within, relating to the great family of man: and the external, which refers, principally, to the kingdom of Nature, which is below us; viz. the animal, vegetable, and mineral: (do not include mankind in the animal kingdon; they are human; it is sensualism which has degraded man to rank with ani-ries-march in the drunkard's triumph. 12. Suc mals.) The common divisions of Poetry are --Pastoral, Lyric, Didactic, Satire, Sonnets, Descriptive, Epic, Tragic, and Comic; to which some add, Sacred, Classic, Romantic, Elegiac, Mythologic, Eclogue, Ballad, and Epitaph. 274. Management of the Breath. From what we have said, you see the importance of attending to this subject. Very few persons-breathe sufficiently often, when reading, speaking, or singing. All the directions the author has seen on this subject-are at variance with truth and nature. There are a few instances, when a long breath is necessary; but they are very rare. To acquire a long breath, exercise on all the difficulties of respiration, — and pursue a similar course for strengthening a weak voice; also, practice long quantity, walking up hill, and running, when reciting. In the following, breathe at least once, while reading each period. "He died young, (breathe,) but he died happy. His friends have not had him long, (breathe,) but his death-(breathe) is the greatest trouble and grief, (breathe,) they ever had. He has enjoyed the sweets of the world(breathe,) only for a little while, (breathe,) but he never tasted its bitters." The writer is aware of being, in this respect, in opposition to authorities; but he cannot be influenced by that, so long as he is persuaded that truth and nature are with him. If one does not breathe sufficiently often, he will be almost sure to speak too rapidly: and, as the object of Elocution is--to convince and persuade, how can one expect to do this, if he does not give his hearers time to think, or reason, about what he says? How can a jury-keep pace with a lawyer, whose language rides post-haste? If his reason, and arguments, are hurled upon the ear, like flashes of lightning upon the eye, how can they be remembered, or produce the intended effect? If one does not breathe at the proper times and places, the sense is not fully conveyed, and the lungs are injuriously affected. Too unfrequent breathing, and rapid speakmg, must be avoided; but beware of the opposite extreme, unless you wish to lull your hearers to sleep.

Ask of other earth-why oaks-were made-
Taller and stronger-than the weeds they shade.
BRONSON 7

Varieties. 1. Is it possible-for a created being to merit any thing—at the hands of God? 2. The instincts of animals—are their laws of life; they seem to be sensible of their ends of being, and the means of attaining them. 3. Truth-is that resemblance to, or conformity with Nature, that is presented to the mind, by the relation of ideas, whether simple, or complex. 4. There is a divinity— shapes our ends, rough hew them as we will. 5. 'Tis better, to be lowly born, and range with humble livers-in content, than to be pricked up-in glittering grief, and wear a golden sorrow. 6. Whatever is seen, by the bodily eye, or perceived by the outward senses, is but an effect-from the spiritual world, and a true representative of some principle thro in, and proper to it; for that world is in the human soul,-and mind.

I ramble-by the evening sea

The light-house-glimmering from afar
And fleecy clouds-are scouring free
O'er rising moon, and twinkling star;
In distance-floats the waning sail,

Or brightly gleams the plashing oar,
And mingles-with the shining gale

The billow-murmuring on the shore,
But one thing wants the wanderer there.
A kindred soul, the scene to share.

not submit to them. 7. It is wise-to derive know

275. Emphasis. This is a very impor-| Proverbs. 1. Every act of violence--lead tant part of our subject; and unless the pu- to difficult results. 2. The house of a true friendpil is certain, that he perfectly understands is always a sure asylum. 3. It is sweet--to soothe Accent, he is advised to review it again. Ac- the wretched, and mitigate their misfortunes 4 H cented syllables, are to other syllables, in the has done the mischief, and I bear the blame. 5. same word, what emphatic syllables, are to It is common to fools--to mention their neighbor' words in the same sentence,—hence, it may Endeavor to conquer adverse circumstances; and faults; while they are forgetful of their own. 6 be seen, that as the idea-is always associated with the accented vowel, and changes, when the seat of accent is changed; as in Au-gust, and au-gust; so, the mind's eyealways accompanies the emphatic word Ex. Doctor Johnson, (says Cicero,) was a great orator. Thus emphasised, we make Cicero say, that Dr. Johnson-was a great orator. Corrected, thus: Dr. Johnson says-Cicero was a great orator. Practice on this sentence, till every thing appertaining to correct emphasis is familiar. All the words in this book, printed in different type, are more or less emphatic and some are emphatic that are in the common type.

276. Emphasis-is an increase of accent on the accented vowels of important words, the more perfectly to convey the sense of the author. There are only Two WAYS of making it: which are the same as in accent; viz: by STRESS and QUANTITY. First, by stress: Ex. 1. The difference between what is true -and false, good and evil, is very great. 2. Some reports-are true: others-are false. 3. Truth tells us, that certain affections are evil: but False says, they are good. 4. Good men-love, and practice, what is good and true; but wicked men-love, and practice, what is false, and evil. 5. Heavenconsists of all that is good and true; but Hell-consists of all that is false, and evil.

277. Horticulture--or Gardening, is the art of preparing and cultivating gardens, including pleasure-grounds, and ornamental shrubbery its close relation to Agriculture, renders it difficult to distinguish between them. As involving principles of taste, and elements of beauty, it may be classed with the Fine Arts; but its connection with the Useful Arts--presents a stronger relation; and, whether considered in reference to usefulness, or ornament, it deserves much attention, and exerts a salutary influence over its votaries.

Anecdote. Working a Passage. An Irishman, having applied to work his passage on a canal-boat, and being employed to lead the horses on the tow-path; on arriving at the place of destination, declared he would sooner go on foot, than work his passage in America. Honest index of the soul,

Nobly scorning all control,

Silent language-ever flowing,

Every secret thought avowing,
Pleasure's seat,-Love's favorite throne,
Every triumph--is thy own.

ledge, even from an enemy. 8. He, who flies from judgment, confesses the crime imputed to him. 9. We are generally willing to believe-what we wish to be true. 10. Let justice be done, tho' the heavens fall. 11. The more riches a fool has, the foolisher he is. 12. When the heart-is past hope, the face-is past shame. 13. Despair-has ruined many a one.

Philosophy of Mind. No philosophy of the mind can be valuable, that does not propose an inquiry into the connection between mind and matter. Attention to the subject of our own consciousness, alone, excludes the possibility of their being well observed, because the conditions of their being well seen

are neglected. That there is a direct connection between mind and matter, the soul and body, is an indisputable fact; and it is perfectly idle, to pretend to examine the qual ities of the former, without reference to the latter. The comprehension of the action of mind and the reaction of matter, involves the true principles of Intellectual Philosophy and Psychology.

Varieties. 1. Which is the most desira

ble, to know and understand much; or, to
make a right use of what we know and un-
derstand? 2. The Jew-asks a sign; the
Greeks-seek after wisdom. 3. Do not the
shadows of great thoughts, sometimes fall
on our minds?

Who friendship-with a knave has made
Is judged a partner-in the trade;
"Tis thus, that on the choice of friends,
Our good, or evil name-depends.

5. Envy no man's good, or truth: seek not to be him. If less than thee, give that which he asketh of thee, at all times; if more than thee, envy not: neither seek to depreciate; and beware of rashly condemning what is above thee,-lest thou materially hurt thyself. 6. We may as soon take fire-into the bo som, without being burned, or touch tar without being defiled, as to frequent and ac light in-bad company, without a stain upo

our moral character.

MY SISTER.

Mine eyes-have seen the beautiful,

Mine ears have heard their thrilling vera
My heart has felt their potent rule-
The fears of hope, the hope of joys-
But never-has my sight approved
A fairer than my sister-no!
None other sound-so much hath moved
As, her "dear brother," spoken low.

278. INVOLUNTARY EFFORTS. Let no one imagine, that it is the design of this system to make arbitrary readers, and speakers; far from it: if the system were not founded in NATURE, Such might be the result. By making use of the principles here developed, we return to truth and nature; provided we have wandered from them; consequently, the effort becomes involuntary: as was the case with the whistling of little Jimmy, in school; who, when his teacher was about to correct him, exclaimed, "No, no; it was not I that whistled, it whistled itself." No one can be a good reader, or speaker, till the effort becomes involuntary; he must will, and it shall be done. Unfortunately, some think they must do some great thing; whereas, they have only to wash, and be clean.

Proverbs. 1. It is well not only to seem pure; but, to be pure. 2. Aim at desert, rather than reward. 3. If you are in a thriving way, stick to it, and let well enough, alone. 4. Trifles-often de cide much-concerning the character of a person. 5. Believe yourself capable of learning what others have learned. 6. Avoid all extremes; and live, and act, in the golden medium. 7. The loaded - always bends with its fruits; as virtustoops beneath humility. 8. Without fruga 9. The used key-is always bright. 10. Man is a none can be rich; and with it-few can be poor. being who makes bargains; one dog never exchanges bones with another dog. 11. You can do it, if you only think so, and try. 12. Quick believers-need broad shoulders.

tree

Anecdote. New Character. Lord Hardy, who was so much addicted to the bottle, as to be always under the influence of liquor, pre

"what new character he ought to appear in ?" "New character," said the other," suppose you go sober, my lord." He took the hint of the comedian, and actually reformed.

279. EPIC, or heroic poetry, has for its sub-vious to a masquerade night, inquired of Foot, Ject the exploits of some hero, or heroes, of national celebrity; Lyric poetry is designed to be set to music, as psalms, hymns, odes and songs; Elegiac poetry involves solemn, or mournful subjects; Epitaphs are inscriptions on tomb-stones; Pastoral poetry treats of rural affairs, and the social affections; it is appropriate to shepherds; Didactic poetry is designed to convey instruction; Satyric poetry is for reproving the vices, errors and follies of the world, by holding them up to ridicule; Descriptive poetry describes interesting subjects, mental or natural; and Romantic poetry has for its subjects, tales, romances, and novels, probable, or supernat

ural.

280. CAUSE AND EFFECT. Such are the defects of our education, that we are brought up almost as ignorant of our bodies and minds, as of the man in the moon: the consequence is, we are imposed upon by the shoe-maker, the tailor, the mantua-maker, the carpenter and joiner, the cabinet-maker, the miller and baker, the cook and the washer, and by almost every body else: we are a race of abusers of one another. When we get a pair of shoes, the first question is, how well do they look? So also of the coat and dress, the house, the chair, the flour, and bread, &c., &c. Oh, when shall we be wise, and understand the things that so nearly concern our temporal welfare? Having eyes, we see not aright; having ears, we hear wrong: our feelings, taste, and smell-betray us, because they are perverted. The enemy comes in upon us like a flood, and who will lift up a standard against

him?

GENERATIONS OF MAN.

Like leaves on trees-the race of man is found,
Now, green in youth, now, withering on the ground.
Another race the following spring supplies;
They fall successive, and successive rise:
So-generations-in their course decay,
So- flourish these, when those-are passed away,

Industry. If industry is no more than habit, 'tis at least an excellent one. "If you ask me, which is the real hereditary sin of human nature, do you imagine I shall answer pride, or luxury, or ambition, or egotism? No; I shall say-indolence. Who conquers indolence, will conquer all the rest." Indeed, all good principles must stagnate, without mental activity.

Varieties. 1. A prime minister -was asked, how he could perform such a vast amount of business, and yet, have so much leisure? He replied, I do every thing at the time. 2. Would wings-be folded in the worm, if they were not one day to enable it to fly? 3. The perfection of religion and science-will be united; their sphere of operation ascertained, and their periods of vicissitudes known in that better age, which is approaching.

Let fools-the studious despise ;
There's nothing lost, by being wise.

Whatever perils-may alarm us,
Kind words-will never harm us.

6. Pure, and undefiled religion, is the sheet.
anchor of happiness, the perfection and glory
of human nature; its essence-is a conscience
void of offence toward God, and man. 7.
There is a providence in every pulsation, and
in all the particulars that concern it: as the
sun-never ceases to shine, so the Lord-
never ceases to bless.

There is a voice-I shall hear no more-
There are tones, whose music, for me, is o'er,
Sweet as the odors of spring were they,-
Precious and rich—but, they died away;
They came like peace to my heart and ear-
Never again will they murmur here;
They have gone-like the blush of a summer morn
Like a crimson cloud-through the sunset borne.

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281. EMPHASIS. Words are emphatic, Proverbs. 1. We must submit to authority 2. Be not sat when opposition is expressed, or understood; till we can discover, or see-reasons. that is, when our words are contrasted, and isfied with the results and applications of know when we wish to enforce our ideas, so as to ledge; but search for its fountains. 3. Youthproduce their desired effects. As, Oratory- not a time to cast away stones, but to gather them involves feelings, thoughts and words; so, 4. Instead of naturalizing nature, we should nat does it also involve ends, or purposes, causes, uralize art. 5. The understanding—is a refining and effects; beyond which, human minds vessel, in which knowledge is purified. 6. En deavor to acquire such knowledge, as will enable cannot travel. We may illustrate emphasis, you to judge correctly yourself. 7. Time-de by what is called lever-power; the resistance stroys the speculations of man, but confirms the to be overcome, or the effect to be produced; judgments of Nature. 8. No evil propensity is se the lever as a medium, and the weight: thus, powerful, but that it may be subdued, by proper I will, or desire, to accomplish a certain ob-means. 9. No one is so great, or so small, but ject: here, is the region of ends, or pur- that he is capable of giving, or receiving—benefits poses; then, I devise ways and means, and 10. Be civil-to the great, but intimate—with the determine how it is to be done; here, is the good. 11. No religion-is better than an unnatu 12. Immoderate sorrow-is a species of region of causes: and, finally, I put the pur-ral one. pose in operation, through the means, and suicide. 13. Pay what you owe. 14. Great thieves thus accomplish my object; which, of course, punish little ones. 15. The absent party is alis the region of effects. Here is the philoso- ways faulty. phy of oratory.

Anecdote. If a private gentleman, in Cheshire England, about the year 1730, had not been overturned in his carriage; it is possible, that the United States, instead of being a free Republic, might have remained a dependent colony: that gentleman-was Augustus Washington, who was thus thrown out of his carriage, into the company of a lady, who afterwards became his wife, emigrated with him to Virginia, and, in 1732, became the mother-of General Washington

282. EXAMPLES OF EMPHASIS BY STRESS. 1. It is not so easy to hide our faults, as to confess and avoid them. 2. Never attempt to raise yourself, by depreciating the merits of others. 3. As fools-make a mock at sin, so do the ignorant-often make a mock at knowledge. 4. They are generally most ridiculous themselves, who see most to ridicule in others. 5. Wherever education is neglected, depravity, and every kind of action, that degrades mankind, are most frequent. 6. The first three volumes; not, the three first volumes; there is only one-first. 7. The first three, and the last two verses; not, the three first, and two last. 8. To be trulyhappy, man must be good, and renounce such enjoyments as are grounded in the love of evil. 9. There is a natural body, and there Varieties. 1. Did mankind fall suddenis a spiritual body. 10. Flesh and blood-ly, or by degrees? 2. While freedom-is true cannot inherit the kingdom of God.

Laconies. When we see birds, at the approach of rain, anointing their plumage with oil-to shield off the drops, should it not remind us, when the storms of contention threaten us, to apply the oil of for bearance, and thus-prevent the chilling drops from entering our hearts?

to itself, every one becomes subject to it; and even its adversaries are instruments in its hands. 3. The preservation of health--depends, principally, on proper diet, early retiring, and early rising, temperance in eat

283. RULE. Emphasize the important word, or words, with such a degree and kind of stress, or expulsive prolongation of sound, as to convey the entire sense and feeling, in the best manner, and give each idea its rela-ing, and drinking, proper exercise, and pertive importance. Example and definition. "Emphasis is the index of my meaning, and shows more exactly, what I wish the hearers to attend to-particularly." Indeed, it is to the mind what the finger is to the eye: when we wish a person to see any thing, we naturally point to it: thus, are the manifestations of the mind made by the emphasis, or winting of the voice.

They are sleeping! Who are sleeping?
Mortals, compassed round with woe,-
Eyelids, wearied out with weeping,
Close for very weakness now:
And that short relief from sorrow,
Harassed nature-shall sustain,
Till they wake again-to-morrow,
Strengthened--to contend with pain!

fect cleanliness. 4. By a vicious action, we injure our mind, as we should our body, by drinking poison, or inflicting a wound upon it. 5. What is liberty? Willing, thinking, speaking, and doing--what we understand provided, we violate no law, or principle 6. Mental pleasures--never cloy; unlik those of the body, they are increased by repe tition, approved by reason, and strengthene by enjoyment. 7. Evil action, contrivance and speech, is but the manifestation of the nature of evil; and that it should be mad manifest, is consistent with divine inten tions.

Freedom-is

The brilliant gift of heaven; 'tis reason's self.
The kin-to Deity.

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