(PB-292947/9) Avail: NTIS HC A08/MF AC1 CSCL 10A The issue of integrating air and water quality planning, coastal zone management, and energy facility siting activities in coastal areas of California, Oregon, and Washington was studied. The study considered exploration, extraction, refining, storage, transfer, and shipment of oil and gas: thermal power plants; and construction and fabrication yards for oil drilling equipment to be used on the outer continental shelf. After identifying problems in the regulatory process, recommendations were developed to deal with these problems and included suggestions to consolidate the state and federal environmental review procedures, reduce duplication in permit applications, and clarify interagency relationships. GRA Normalized concentrations of pollutants downwind of various nuclear power reactor sites were predicted with onsite meteorological data and a computer code. These results, grouped by calendar year of meteorological data, were compared and the maximum concentrations were found to vary by a factor of approximately 5 between groups and approximately 3 within groups. Mean values of normalized concentrations of pollutant for each group were found to vary by a factor of approximately 2. Results confirmed earlier analysis by Hosler (1964) which indicated that differences in atmospheric dilution among data sites, based on the average effects of wind speed and vertical thermal stability were small. DOE (LBL-7986: Conf-781033-34) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The properties of millimeter-wave spectrometers as highly specific and sensitive experimental research tools for monitoring gaseous pollutants of interest in pollution research are presented. A spectrometer system operating at frequencies in the vicinity of 70 GHz and employing a semi-confocal Fabry-Perot resonator as the sample cell is described. The resonator is voltage tuned by means of a piezoelectric transducer which enables it to track the microwave source frequency. The operation and performance of the spectrometer are discussed and illustrated by measurments of diluted samples of sulfur dioxide. The noise from the microwave source, the absorption cell and the receiver, which ultimately limits the achievable sensitivity are discussed. DOE N79-26545# Environmental Systems Corp., Knoxville, Tenn. (EPRI-FP-953) Avail: NTIS HC A06/MF A01 Specific aspects of improved testing methodology including instrumentation and instrumentation deployment are discussed. The accuracy of instruments commonly used for determination of wet-bulb temperature was examined along with cooling tower capability calculations based on wet-bulb temperatures measured as the air enters the cooling tower versus at ground level upwind of the tower. The data show that calculations of capability may deviate from 0 to 10%, the differences mainly attributed to consideration of recirculation of the exhausted cooling tower plume. To accommodate multiple point inlet wet-bulb temperature measurements, a data acquisition system using platinum RTD's as sensing elements was employed. Another area of examination dealt with water flow rate determination using nonreinforced and reinforced pilot tubes. Among other things, it was concluded that accurate determination of the coefficient of the pilot tube is required, since standard coefficients supplied by the pilot tube manufacturer may be in error. N79-26546# Argonne National Lab.. III. DOE CONTROL OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AND PARTICULATE EMISSION IN MHD POWER SYSTEMS USING HIGH SULFUR COAL K. E. Tempelmeyer, P. Blackburn, A. Sistino, J. Hopenfeld, and W. Spurgeon (Gilbert Associates) 28 Nov. 1978 22 p refs Presented at Environ. Control Symp.. Washington, D. C.. 28-30 Nov 1978 (Contract W-31-109-eng-38) (CONF-781109-18) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 The only air pollutant emission standards existing today are for SO2, NO/sub x/ and particulate matter. There is a high probability that MHD systems will be able to achieve not only the present-day emission limits for the substances but will also be able to comply with anticipated future emission levels of SO/sub x/ and NO/sub x/. The built in processes for the control of SO/sub x/ and NO/sub x/ are described briefly. Particulate emissions in an MHD system will be small submicron particulate flyash particles coated with potassium sulfate, as well as potassium sulfate particles. Electrostatic precipitators and conventional baghouses may provide the means for collection of solid particulates. There is no reason to believe that the control of toxic carcinogenic and heavy metal emissions for MHD systems will represent a problem, either in effectiveness, cost, or convenience which is unique to MHD system. DOE Fly ash derived from coal combustion contains predominantly spherical particles which consist of an insoluble aluminosilicate glass containing several mineral impurities. An outer layer, rich in many potentially toxic trace elements in the form of simple and complex sulfates is described. This layer, which is soluble in water, contains essentially all of the particulate sulfur present in fly ash in the form of sulfate. The actual mechanism(s) of formation of particulate sulfate salts are ill-defined but probably involve adsorption of condensation of gaseous sulfur species onto fly ash surfaces within the power plant stack system. DOE N79-26549# Bari Univ. (Italy). Ist. di Macchine. A simplified mathematical model was prepared to calculate the rate of lead tetra ethyl marine pollution resulting from the Cavtat shipwreck near the Otranto channel. The model can be used for similar cases of marine pollution and can be extended to more complex situations provided a sea current is involved. Results show that while the pollution level near the bottom in the proximity of the ship is high, it is reduced by several orders of magnitude at the surface and near the coast. Author (ESA) N79-26550# Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, Rome (Italy). Italo Barducci (Rome Univ.), Mario Cosa (Uffic. d'Ilgiene), Giovanni (FUB-18-1978) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 Italian legislation on noise pollution is discussed. Technical, medical, social, and juridicial considerations are presented. Author (ESA) N79-26551# Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, D. P. Daugherty and D. W. Coy Feb. 1979 86 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-2612) (PB-292748/1; EPA-600/7-79-045) HC A05/MF A01 CSCL 13B Avail: NTIS The efficiencies and utility consumptions expected from three fugitive emission control techniques are compared if they were applied in primary lead and copper smelters. Estimates are provided of the reduction of total suspended particulate emissions and the reduction of elemental lead emissions from smelters when fugitive control is applied. Charged fog water sprays are emphasized. Building enclosure and evacuation is used as a basis with which such water sprays are compared. Available cost and energy consumption data were used to assess the competitiveness of charged fog sprays. Charged fog sprays were found to be less efficient than building evacuation, but also less expensive and less energy intensive by about a factor of 10. Charged fog sprays cannot replace conventional smelter techniques. They are better suited for smaller scale, localized emission sources which contribute only a fraction of the fugitive particulate emissions. (PB-292776/2) Avail: NTIS HC A10/MF A01 CSCL 13B A preliminary discussion of the character of the natural organic substances from which by-products of organic disinfectants are thought to originate is presented. Subsequent sections describe the chemistry of chlorine, chloramines, halogens (bromine and iodine), chlorine dioxide, and ozone. The report contains a significant bibliography. GRA N79-26555# Industrial Environmental Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, N. C. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EPA/IERL-RTP PILOT-SCALE PRECIPITATION Report, Sep. 1977 - May 1978 R. A. Lawless (Res. Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, N79-26556# Kent State Univ., Ohio. Dept. of Biological Sciences. EVALUATION OF ALUMINUM SULFATE FOR PHOSPHORUS CONTROL IN EUTROPHIC LAKES Report for Mar. 1978 - Sep. 1978 G. Dennis Cooke 8 Jan. 1979 58 p refs Sponsored by the Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, D. C. (PB-292989/1; W79-04958; OWRT-A-053-OHIO(1)) Avail: NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 13B The response of eutrophic lakes to nutrient diversion is often less than expected because many lakes have internal recycling which keeps phosphorus (P) levels high enough to continue nuisance algal blooms. For these lakes a restoration technique is required to achieve desired trophic state. The effectiveness of a hypolimnetic application of aluminum sulfate to Dollar Lake in 1974 and West Twin Lake (Ohio) in 1975 to control the release of P from anaerobic sediments is described. Lake monitoring in 1976 and 1978 supports the conclusion that alum application sharply curtailed internal P release and that P concentrations in the epilimnion and the whole lakes declined due to treatment. GRA Two methodologies for modeling commuter exposures are proposed: computer-oriented approach and a manual approach. Both modeling methodologies require that major commuter routes, or pathways, be identified and that the traffic on the remainder of the roadway network be treated as background pollutant sources. Since the majority of pathway exposure is expected to result from emissions on the pathway itself, the emissions and dispersion of non pathway source pollutant are handled in a simple fashion. Pathway traffic undergoes a more sophisticated treatment in that congestion and delay due to signalization are accounted for and emissions are computed accordingly. The methodology used to simulate the dispersion of pathway emissions utilizes three separate dispersion treatments, according to whether the roadway is limited-access, non limited access, or a street canyon. GRA The Puget Sound Project is planned to develop an understanding of the environmental impacts of human actions upon regional marine ecosystems and to predict the ecological consequences of these actions. Wastewater disposal and energy-related activities are significant in the region and are receiving special attention. Project planning currently is oriented towards critical contaminants introduced into the system by human activity. The project design concept is multidisciplinary ecosystem research. It emphasizes research efforts to increase knowledge of the kinds and degree of environmental impacts resulting from contaminant loading. the cause of these impacts, the dynamic processes influencing the fates and effects of contaminants, and the possible actions that would minimize or eliminate undesirable effects. GRA A light scattering instrument for in-situ measurements of particulates in the 0.2 to 10.0 micrometer diameter size range is described. Two modes of scattering are used, each with two wavelengths of light, to generate five size fractions by volume from a distribution of particulates. One mode measures polarized light scattered in two orthogonal orientations at an angle of 90 degrees to the optical probe beam. The second mode measures light scattered in near forward angles (4 to 11 degrees). Both modes allow the extraction of size data when particles of different sizes are presented simultaneously in the sensing region. These principles were incorporated into a prototype portable stack monitor, consisting of a 1.5 meter long. 9 cm diameter insertable probe capable of withstanding temperatures up to 260 C. GRA N79-26562# California Univ., Berkeley. Div. of Entomology and Parasitology. AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON AQUATIC BIOTA IN THE GEYSERS AREA OF CALIFORNIA Vincent H. Resh, Thomas S. Flynn, Gary A. Lamberti, and Eric McElravy Feb. 1979 63 p refs Sponsored by Interior Dept. (PB-293031/1; W79-04962; OWRT-A-063-CAL(1)) Avail NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 13B Analysis of the response of benthic populations and communities to past and ongoing geothermal energy development and operational practices was undertaken by means of an extensive six site sampling program on Big Sulfur Creek and a concentrated colonization study above, in, and below a heavily impacted tributary (Little Geysers Creek). Differences in species diversity were noted among the six Big Sulfur Creek sites that were selected relative to the presence or absence of natural fumaroles or hot springs and the absence or stage of geothermal energy development. Distribution and colonization patterns of a population of caddisfly. Gumaga nigrícula, and especially its dominance in high silt areas, suggest that both siltation and fumarole activity may select for certain populations. GRA N79-26563# Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Group, East Hartford, D. J. Robertson, J. H. Elwood, and R. H. Groth Feb. 1979 178 p refs The particulate emissions consisting of polynuclear aromatic compounds, phenols, nitrosamines and total organics were analyzed chemically. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined by HPLC, GC/MS and NMR techniques. Phenols and nitrosamines were isolated and then measured by gas chromatographic methods utilizing flame ionization detection and nitrogen detection. No nitrosamines were found and except in a few cases, at low levels, no phenols. PAH and total organic levels decreased with increasing power setting and were more concentrated in the exhaust from the low sulfur fuel. Less than 1% of the organic matter emitted from the engine was absorbed on the particulate matter. GRA The results of a two phased evaluation of level 1 environmental assessment procedures are reported. Results from Phase 1, a field evaluation of the source assessment sampling system (SASS), showed that the SASS train performed well within the desired factor of 3 Level 1 accuracy limit. Three sample runs were made with two SASS trains sampling simultaneously and from approximately the same sampling point in a horizontal duct. A Method-5 train was used to estimate the true particulate loading. The sampling systems were upstream of the control devices to ensure collection of sufficient material for comparison of total particulate, particle size distribution, organic classes, and trace elements. GRA The dispersion of sulfur hexafluoride tracer and sulfate from automobile emissions in the immediate vicinity of a highway were estimated for conditions similar to those existing during the General Motors sulfate dispersion experiment conducted at a GM test track. A second order closure model of turbulent transport in the planetary boundary layer was used to predict the steady-state dispersion under two conditions: with the mean wind and velocity component variances specified by the data or predicted with the aid of an automobile wake model. The GM measured wind data apparently suffered from low vertical velocity variance readings at the 1.5 meter height, and led to an overprediction of the SF6 levels by an average factor of 1.77 for the 18 tower collection points during the 15 test days. The correlation fell to 0.96 of the measured levels when the model also predicted the wind fields. The results indicate that close to the highway. buoyancy effects were small even in the critical case when the wind is light and aligned with the roadway. GRA N79-26567# Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Mich. Standards Development and Support Branch. EXHAUST EMISSIONS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION OF A HEAVY-DUTY GASOLINE POWERED VEHICLE OVER VARIOUS DRIVING CYCLES: 361 CUBIC INCH 1966 FORD F-600 Richard Nash Aug. 1978 24 p (PB-293529/4; HDV-78-08) Avail: NTIS HC A02/MF A01 CSCL 21D Tests were run on a chassis dynamometer over various cycles. The test sequence was designed to investigate in detail the effect of various driving cycles upon vehicle emissions and fuel consumption. For this reason, road load drag force was not varied. For each driving cycle three tests were run with the vehicle in a fully warmed-up condition. The final phase was a sequence of four tests to investigate cold and warm start effects. GRA A qualitative and quantitative assessment of the principal sources of phosphorus release to the environment was performed. Nonpoint sources were identified by land use; discharge data for specific land uses were obtained from the literature. Point sources were estimated on the basis of model flow diagrams and phosphorus material balances; no measured levels were utilized. The total national phosphorus emissions to air and water in 1978 were about 2.9 million metric tons. From the data developed for the national emissions, a regional assessment was performed for Florida to evaluate the difference in phosphorus sources in regions and for the nation. A cursory analysis was also performed of detergent phosphate controls in Indiana and New York. The analysis addressed surface water geography, location and nature of phosphorus water quality problems, and GRA the impact of detergent phosphate control. N79-26569# GCA Corp., Bedford, Mass. Technology Div. PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LIGNITE-FIRED CAFB Final Report, Jan. 1977- Oct. 1978 A. S. Werner, C. W. Young, William Piispanen, and B. M. Myatt Feb. 1979 257 p refs (Contract EPA-68-02-2632) (PB-293225/9; GCA-TR-78-34-G; EPA-600/7-79-048) Avail: NTIS HC A12/MF A01 CSCL 13B Results of a preliminary environmental assessment (EA) of the lignite-fired Chemically Active Fluid-Bed (CAFB) process are given. It follows an earlier EA of the oil-fired CAFB. Waste streams contributing air and solid waste pollutants were evaluated in terms of emission rates and potential environmental effects. Emphasis is placed on flue gas emissions. A field sampling and laboratory analysis program was carried out to compile an emissions inventory of a CAFB pilot plant in Abington, England. An economic evaluation of the oil-fired CAFB is presented relative to alternative residual oil utilization techniques. Recommendations are made to further control needs and emissions testing to be carried out in conjunction with the CAFB demonstration plant in San Benito, Texas. GRA Ozone samples generated by UV photolysis and silent electric discharge upon air or oxygen were examined to determine if other oxidants were formed. Chemical and physical methods (IR and UV spectroscopy) failed to show the presence of such oxidants. Absence of such oxidants was also indicated by the excellent agreement between analytical results from UV photometry and gas phase titration. Ozone measurements by the colorimetric 1 percent neutral buffered potassium iodide method were biased 10-30 percent positive compared to UV photometry. A colorimetric method employing a solution of cyclohexene-dimethanol and ferrous ammonium sulfate (CHD) proved to have a different stoichiometry in the presence and absence of oxygen. GRA (PB-293085/7; DOE-78/7) Avail: NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 13B Results of a program of continuous surveillance of air quality in Washington State are reported. The distribution of air monitoring sites, boundaries of air quality control regions, and areas not meeting national air quality standards are listed. Sampling procedures and air quality standards are described along with the telemetry system and station coding. Meteorological and climatological data are given. Air quality data are summarized by pollutant in tabular form. J.M.S. As part of the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), data for an air pollution emission inventory were summarized for point and area sources in the St. Louis air quality control region. Data for point sources were collected for criteria and noncriteria pollutants hydrocarbons, sulfur trioxide, particle size distribution, and heat. For area sources, data were collected on criteria pollutants, hydrocarbons and heat. All the data were entered into the RAPS data bank. Hourly values are available for all point sources; locations were identified by UTM coordinates (zone 15) to within+ or - 10 m. Area sources were assigned to a network of 1989 grid squares of variable size. The emission Untreated and treated wastes from 10 different scrubbers at eastern and western plants using lime, limestone, and double-alkali processes were characterized. Concentrations of salts and trace elements in the wastes were discussed and related to the potential for water pollution. Disposal by ponding, landfilling of chemically fixed wastes, ponding with underdrainage, and conversion to gypsum was assessed. Disposal cost estimates for a 1000 MW eastern plant are 0.55, 0.90, and 1.20 mills/kWh for ponding on indigenous clay, ponding with liner GRA added, and chemical treatment/ landfill, respectively. Typical costs for electric power generating plants and their environmental controls are given for installations of 1000 and 5000 MWe capacity, including the expected range of uncertainty. Total annualized costs for a particular configuration can be computed by adding the appropriate incremental costs for fuel and environmental control equipment to the cost of the base generation system. Fixed charges were computed on the basis of 18% of the capital investment; cost data were corrected to mid-1975. Two examples of the use of the data were included. The data and method were intended to provide an overview. Actual installation costs may differ widely from those found from information in this report because of site-specific considerations. GRA N79-26578# Kansas Water Resources Research Inst., Manhattan. KANSAS RIVER LIMNOLOGY: SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTION AND HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION BY AQUATIC INSECTS Project Report, 1 Jul. 1976 31 Mar. 1978 G. Richard Marzolf Jan. 1979 62 p refs (Contract DI-14-34-0001-7035) (PB-293604/5; Contrib-207; W79-05234; OWRT-A-078-1CAN(1)) Avail: NTIS HC A04/MF A01 CSCL 138 The following topics are addressed (1) the control of photosynthesis in the Kansas River by hydraulic events and turbidity, a geometric model and some field observations; (2) the effect of increased reservoir outflow on algal biomass and |