Irish blood in Lafcadio Hearn we have as rare an exotic physically as he was an unusual intellectual product. It would be interesting to gather evidence of this sort widely, but these few examples show that intermixture is, at all events, not destructive in its effects. The present tendency of the Irish women among us to intermarry with all sorts and conditions of men, even of the Mediterranean stocks, may be watched with interest in this same connection.

The mental and moral nurture of these immigrants is of equal importance with their physical preservation-to the native-born American it is of even more concern. For, although we might conceivably struggle along under the economic burden of an overload of physically defective people among us, the very existence of the republic as a political and social unit is threatened by any deterioration of the mental and moral character of the lower classes. If we permit these people to come in order to hew our wood and draw our water we must in our own selfish interest assume the added responsibility of caring for their minds and souls. This means the adoption of an active programme of social betterment. Such a programme is, of course, of primary importance for the children and young people. It is in this class that the University Settlements, like Hull House in Chicago, and the South End House, in Boston, are doing their best work. There must be more and better schools, with such radical innovations as lunches for the small children, as are now in practice provided in several places. The factory laws in especial must be adjusted to fit the school laws. Persons of tender age must be protected from the greed alike of employer and of selfish parents. Humane regulation of hours, provisions for decency, sanitation and safety must be enforced by law. This is already, of course, done in the more progressive states, like Massachusetts, New York and Illinois. But a social programme for the young people must go beyond this point. It must include parks and playgrounds in the congested immigrant districts, as well as public baths and openair gymnasia. The libraries must be adjusted to the needs of the young as well. They must devote their attention not to the supply of the latest fiction to childless American women, but rather to the development of neighborhood reading rooms, children's departments, and like endeavors. Uplifting influences of these sorts to meet the needs of the women and children of the immigrant classes are imperative as a safeguard for our own political existence. Of course,

it will be expensive to do all these things. But so are hospitals, almshouses, prisons and asylums expensive. It is surely the part of wisdom to submit to taxation for the prevention rather than for the cure of social evils.

What of the social programme for adult immigrant men. Not seeming or shrewd philanthropy, not autocratic welfare work, aimed to bind the workman to his job, like the old Pullman establishment or too many of the newer elaborate programmes, are what is needed. Opportunity for self help and improvement should be the aim. This opportunity should meet three distinct needs of the individual. The first is that of decent housing at a reasonable price. The family as a social unit is absolutely dependent upon this condition. This by implication means adequate transportation and the strict regulation of public service companies.

The second opportunity which must be kept open to the immigrant is that of self help by organization. The trade union, stripped of certain of its notorious objectionable features, has been one of the greatest factors in the advancement of the working classes in the last century. It is to a far greater degree than is ordinarily suspected a social and benevolent organization. Full scope for the development of the beneficent aspects of the trade union must be afforded under the law, with especial view to the protection of the individual members against unreasonable coercion by majority rule. The problems of minority rights in trade unions and industrial corporations are akin in many respects.

The third opportunity which must be held open to the immigrant is that of thrift and provision for sickness and old age. This does not mean simply savings banks; it should extend to reasonable facilities for insurance. The state need not directly intervene, other than to set up agencies, such as have recently been offered in Massachusetts, through which the poor may secure insurance as cheaply as the rich. The elimination of the wasteful private industrial insurance companies must be followed by the substitution of other means by responsible agencies, either the state or private organizations under strict public supervision. The rights of the individual against industrial loss must form a part of our social programme. One of the intolerable evils of the day, except in a few progressive states, is the unfair imposition of the entire loss in industrial accidents upon the working classes. The United States in this regard is

a full generation behind the principal countries of Europe. It is high time that other states awakened to a sense of their responsi bilities and adopted the beneficent laws for employer's liability now in force in Massachusetts and New York. For even these states are a full stage behind Great Britain and Germany in securing a fair distribution of industrial losses between master and servant.

The highest obligation imposed upon the Anglo-Saxon by the presence of the alien in America is that of political and social virtue. The lesson must be afforded from above, that wealth is the reward of intelligent industry and thrift, and not of graft and greed. It must be made plain that progress results from the subjection by man of the forces of nature and not from the oppression by many of his fellow men. Social ostracism should' be visited upon the successful but unscrupulous financier or delinquent director of corporations as it is visited upon the ordinary criminal of the lower classes. Political corruption by corporations desiring to control legislative bodies is as great, i. not a greater, menace to our social welfare to-day than is the personal violence of the highwayman. To point this lesson has been the lasting service of Theodore Roosevelt as President of the United States.

It is imperative also that the courts be kept free to dispense even-handed justice. The dishonest director must be brought to account as strictly as the conniving business agent of trade unions. It is undeniable that the popular distrust of our judiciary is a distinct source of social unrest. The injunction as a weapon of defense for the employer is not applied in too many cases with entire impartiality, and the immigrant, all too suspicious of governmental agencies as a result of generations of oppression in Europe, is the first to be inoculated with this distrust.

It is of the utmost importance that the fullest allegiance of our immigrant population to the state should be awakened and maintained. No better political ideal to command their loyalty can be imagined than the description of Athens put by Thucydides into the mouth of Pericles in order to account for the love and devotion of her citizens to her welfare: "She wishes all to be equal before the law; she gives liberty; keeps open to everybody the path of distinction; maintains public order and judicial authority; protects the weak, and gives to all her citizens entertainments which educate the soul."

PART FIVE

The Clinical Study and Treatment of Normal and Abnormal Development

A PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC