so much, that at last he repulsed Cranston with his elbow. He insisted again for a prorogation of time for his departure till the last of April, because of the winter season, that he might have leisure to get up his year's stipend.-The King answered, Howbeit he begged, it were no matter, he would know himself better the next time; and for the season of the year, if he drowned in the seas, he might thank God that he had escaped a worse death. Yet Cranston being so importunate for the prorogation, the King answered, I will advise with my bishops. Thus the time was delayed until the year 1619, that he wrote a book, called Perth Assembly, which was condemned by the Council in December that same year; but, as he himself says, (History, p. 732,) neither the book nor the author could be found, for in August preceding he had embarked for Holland.

During his abode there, one Patrick Scot, a landed gentleman near Falkand, having wasted his patrimony, had no other means to recover his estate, but by some unlawful measure at Court; and for that end, in 1624, he set forth a recantation, under the name of a banished minister, viz. Mr. David Calderwood, who, because of his long sickness before, was supposed by many to have been dead. The King, as he had alleged to some of his friends, furnished him with the matter, and he set it down in form. This project failing, he went over to Holland, and sought Mr. Calderwood in several towns, particularly in Amsterdam, in November, in order to dispatch him, as afterwards appeared. After he had staid twenty days in Amsterdam, making all the search he could, he was informed that Mr. Calderwood had returned home privately to his native country; which frustrated his intention. After the death of King James, he put out a pamphlet full of this, entitled, Vox vera; and yet, notwithstanding of all his wicked and unlawful pursuits, he died soon after, so poor, that he had not wherewith to defray the charges of his funeral.

Mr. Calderwood, being now returned home, after the death of King James, remained as private as possible, and was mostly at Edinburgh, where he strengthened the hands of nonconformists, being also a great opposer of sectarianism, until after 1638, that he was admitted minister at Pencaitland, in East Lothian.

He contributed very much to the covenanted work carried on in that period; for first he had an active hand in drawing up some excellent papers, wherein were contained the records of church-policy betwixt 1576 and 1596, which were presented and read by Mr. Johnston, the clerk, at the General Assembly at Glasgow, in 1638; as also, by recommendation of the General Assembly 1646, he was required to consider the order of the visitation of kirks, and trials of presbyteries, and to make report thereof unto the next General Assembly; and likewise at the General Assembly 1648, a further recommendation was given him, to draw a draught of the form of visitation of particular congregations, against the next Assembly; and was also one of those appointed, with Mr. David Dickson, to draw up the form of the Directory for the public worship of God, by the General Assembly 1643.*

Mr. Calderwood gave in a protest against the Assembly 1649, for enacting the Directory for election of ministers; which protest was not given in in favours of patronage, as the author of the Modest Inquiry would insinuate; for Mr. Calderwood, in his ALTARE DAMASCENUM, hath affirmed once and again, in the strongest terms, the People's right to choose their own pastor,

After he had both spent and been spent, with the apostle, for the cause and interest of Jesus Christ, when the English army lay at Lothian in 1651, he went to Jedburgh, where he sickened, and died in a good old age. He was another valiant champion for the truth, who, in pleading for the crown and interest of Jesus Christ, knew not what it was to be daunted by the face and frowns of the highest and most incensed adversaries. Before he went to Holland, he wrote the book entitled Perth Assem bly. While in Holland, he wrote that learned book called Altare Damas cenum, with some other pieces in English, which contributed somewhat to keep many straight in that declining period. After his return, he wrote the history of our church, as far down as the year 1625, of which the printed copy that we have is only a short abstract of that large writ ten history, which, both as to the style and the manner wherein it is ere. cuted, is far preferable to the printed copy; and whoever compares the two, or the last, with his Altare Damascenum, both of which are yet in the hands of some, will readily grant the truth of this assertion; and yet all this derogates nothing from the truth of the facts reported in the printed copy; and therefore no offence need be taken at the information, that there is a more full and better copy than is yet printed. See the note on the 78th page of Mr. Livingstone's Life and Memorable Characteristics, &c.

Mr. HUGH BINNING.

He was son to John Binning of Dalvennan, and Margaret M'Kell, daughter of Mr. Matthew M'Kell, minister at Bothwell, and sister to Mr. Hugh M'Kell, one of the ministers of Edinburgh. His father's worldly circumstances were so good, being possessed of no inconsiderable estate in the shire of Ayr, that he was enabled to give his son Hugh a very li beral education, the good effects of which appeared very early upon him ;-for the greatness of his spirit, and capacity of judgment, gave his parents good grounds to conceive the pleasing hopes of his being a promising child.

When he was at the grammar-school, he made so great proficiency in the knowledge of the Latin tongue, and the Roman authors, that he outstripped his fellow-scholars, even such as were by some years older than himself. When they went to their diversions, he declined their society, and choosed to employ himself either in secret duty with God, or conference with religious people, thinking time was too precious to be lavish ed away in these things. He began to have sweet familiarity with God, and to live in near communion with him, before others began seriously to lay to heart their lost and undone state and condition by nature, &c.; 50 that before he arrived at the 13th or 14th year of his age, he had even attained to such experience in the ways of God, that the most judicious and exercised Christians in the place confessed they were much edified, strengthened, and comforted by him, nay, that he provoked them to dis ligence in the duties of religion, being abundantly sensible that they were much outrun by such a youth. Before he was fourteen years of age, he entered upon the study of phi losophy in the university of Glasgow, wherein he made a very consider

able progress, by which means he came to be taken notice of in the college by the professors and students, and at the same time he advanced remarkably in religion also. The abstruse depths of philosophy, w ich are the torture of a slow genius and a weak capacity, he dived into with out any pain or trouble; so that, by his ready apprehension of things, he was able to do more in one hour, than others could do in many days by hard study and close application; and yet he was ever humble, and never exalted with self-conceit, the common foible of young men.

As soon as his course of philosophy was finished, he commenced Master of Arts with great applause. He began the study of divinity with a view to serve God in the holy ministry, at which time there happened to be a vacancy in the college of Glasgow, by the resignation of Mr. James Dalrymple of Stair, who had sometime been his master. And though Mr. Binning was but lately his scholar, yet he was determined, after much entreaty, to stand as a candidate for that post.

According to the usual laudable custom, the masters of the college emitted a program, and sent it to all the universities of the kingdom, in! viting such as had a mind for the profession of philosophy, to sist themselves before them, and offer themselves to compete for that preferment ; giving assurance, that, without partiality, the place should be conferred upon him who should be found dignior et doctior.

The ministers of the city of Glasgow, considering how much it was the interest of the church that well qualified persons be put into the profession of philosophy, &c. and knowing that Mr. Binning was eminently pious, and of a bright genius, as well as solid judgment, set upon him to sist himself among the other competitors; but they had difficulty to overcome his modesty. They at last prevailed upon him to declare his willingness to undertake the dispute before the masters. Among others, there were other two candidates, one of whom had the advantage of great interest with Dr. Strange, Principal of the college at that time, and the other a scholar of great abilities; yet Mr. Binning so managed the dispute, and acquitted himself in all parts of his trial, that, to the conviction of the judges, he darkened his rivals. But the Doctor, and some of the faculty who joined him, though they could not pretend the person they inclined to prefer had an equality, much less a superiority, in the dispute, yet they argued, cæteris paribus, that this person they intended was a citizen's son, of a competency of learning, and a person of more years, and by that means had greater experience than what Mr. Binning, who was in a manner but of yesterday, could be supposed to have. But to this it was replied, that Mr. Binning was such a pregnant scholar, so wise and sedate, as to be above all the follies and vanities of youth; and what was wanting in years was made up sufficiently by his more than ordinary and singular endowments. Whereupon a member of the faculty, perceiving the struggle to be great, (as indeed there were plausible reasons on both sides,) proposed a dispute between the two candid tes, extempore, upon any subject they should be pleased to prescribe. This being considered, soon put a period to the division amongst them; and those who had op

This gentleman entered advocate in 1648, and was by the Protector made one of the Judges of the Session in 1657, and became President in 1681 In 1682, he had to retire to Holland in 1689, he was restored to his office and in 1690, was created a Viscount. He wrote the Institutions of the Law of Scotland, and also published a system of physic, greatly valued at that time; with a book, entitled, A Vindication of the Divine Attributes, in which there is discovered great force of argument and sound knowledge,

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posed him, not being willing to engage their friend with such an able astagonist a second time, Mr. Binning was elected.

Mr. Binning was not quite nineteen years of age when he commenced regent and professor of philosophy; and though he had not time to prepare a system of any part of his profession, as he had instantly to begin his class, yet such was the quickness and fertility of his invention, the tenaciousness of his memory, and the solidity of his judgment, that his dictates to the scholars had a depth of learning, and perspicuity of expression, and was among the first in Scotland that began to reform philosophy from the barbarous terms and unintelligible jargon of the school

men.'

He continued in this profession three years, and discharged his trust so as to gain the general applause of the university for academical exercises: and this was the more remarkable, that having turned his thoughts towards the ministry, he carried on his theological studies at the same time, and made great improvements therein; for his memory was so retentive, that he scarcely forgot any thing he had heard or read. It was easy and ordinary for him to transcribe any sermon, after he returned to his chamber, at such a length, that the intelligent and judicious reader who had heard it preached, would not find one sentence wanting.

During this period, he gave full proof of his progress and knowledge in divinity, by a composition from 2 Cor. v. 14. For the love of Christ can straineth us, &c. Which performance he sent to a gentlewoman, who had been some time at Edinburgh, for her private edification; who having perused the same, judged it to have been a sermon of some eminent minister in the west of Scotland, and put it into the hands of the then Provost of Edinburgh, who judged of it in the same manner. But when she returned to Glasgow, she found her mistake, by Mr. Binning's asking it at her. This was the first discovery he had given of his dexterity and abilities in explaining the scriptures.

At the expiration of three years as a professor of philosophy, the parish of Govan, which lies adjacent to the city of Glasgow, happened to be vacant, and before this, whoever was Principal of the college of Glasgow, was also minister there; but this being attended with inconveniencies, an alteration was made; and the presbytery having a view to supply that vacancy with Mr. Binning, they took him upon trials, in order to be li censed a preacher ;-and preaching there to the great satisfaction of that people, he was some time after called to be minister of that parish; which call the presbytery approved of, and entered him upon trials for ordination about the twenty-second year of his age, and he went through them to the unanimous approbation of the presbytery, giving their testi mony of his fitness to be one of the ministers of the city upon the first va cancy, having a view at the same time to bring him back to the university, whenever the profession of divinity should be vacant.

He was, considering his age, a prodigy of learning. For before he had arrived at the 26th year of his age, he had such a large stock of useful knowledge, as to be philologus, philosophus, et theologus eximius, and might well have been an ornament to the most famous and flourishing university in Europe. This was the more surprising, considering his weakness and infirmity of body, as not being able to read much at a time, or to undergo the fatigue of continual study; insomuch that his knowledge seemed rather to have been born with him, than to have been acquired by hard and laborious study.

Though he was bookish, and much intent upon the fulfilling his ministry, yet he turned his thoughts to marriage, and did espouse a virtuous and excellent person, Mrs. Barbara Simpson, daughter to Mr. James Simpson, a minister in Ireland. Upon the day he was to be married, he went, accompanied with his friend and some others, among whom were several worthy ministers, into an adjacent country congregation, upon the day of their weekly sermon. The minister of the parish delayed sermon till they would come, hoping to put the work upon one of the ministers whom he expected to be there; but all declining it, he tried next to prevail on the bridegroom, with whom he succeeded, though the invita tion was not expected. It was no difficult task to him to preach upon a short warning: he stepped aside a little to premeditate, and implore his Master's presence and assistance, (for he was ever afraid to be alone in this work,) and entered the pulpit immediately, and preached upon 1 Pet. i. 15. But as he that hath called you is holy, &c. At which time he was so remarkably helped, that all acknowledged that God was with him of a truth, &c.

When the unhappy differences betwixt the resolutioners and protesters fell out, among whom Mr. Binning was of the last denomination, this distinction proved to be of fatal consequence. He saw some of the evils of it in his own time; and being of a catholic and healing spirit, with a view to the cementing of differences, he wrote an excellent treatise of Christian love, which contains very strong and pathetic passages, most apposite to this subject. He was no fomenter of factions, but studious of the public tranquillity. He was a man of moderate principles, and temperate passions, never imposing or overbearing upon others, but willingly hearkened to advice, and always yielded to reason.

The prevailing of the English sectarians under Oliver Cromwell,* to the overthrow of the Presbyterian interest in England, and the various attempts which they made in Scotland on the constitution and discipline of this church, was one of the greatest difficulties which the ministers had then to struggle with. Upon this he hath many excellent reflections in his sermons, particularly in that sermon from Deut. xxxii. 4, 5. See his Works, p. 502, 557, &c.

After he had laboured four years in the ministry, serving God with his spirit in the gospel of his Son, he died in 1653 of a consumption, when he was scarce come to the prime and vigour of his life, being only in the 26th year of his age; leaving behind him a sweet savour, and an epistle of commendation upon the hearts of those who were his hearers.

He was a person of singular piety, of a humble, meek, and peaceable temper, a judicious and lively preacher; nay, so extraordinary a person, that he was justly accounted a prodigy of human learning and knowledge of divinity. From his childhood he knew the scriptures; and from a boy. had been much under deep exercise, until the time, or a little before, that he entered upon the office of the ministry, when he came to a great calm and tranquillity of mind, being mercifully relieved from all these doubtings, which for a long time he had been exercised with; and though he

It is said that the Presbyterians and Independents being on a certain time to dispute before Cromwell, while he was in Scotland, in or about Glasgow, whereat Mr. Binning being present, so managed the points controverted, that he not only puzzled Crom well's ministers, but even put them to shame, which, after the dispute, made Oliver ask the name of that learned and bold young man; and being told his name was Mr. Hugh Binning, he said, He hath bound well indeed; but, clapping his hand on his sword, said, This will loose all again.