formerly. But the experience of almost every old settler warrants the fact, that innumerable springs have failed since the cutting down of the forests, that shaded the hills whence they sprang. This partial result, may however, be more than counterbalanced by a general change in atmospheric action, consequent upon opening vast surfaces of the forest, to the influence of the sun and air.

Unimproved land has within a few years risen in value almost beyond credibility.

Q. What are the geological features of Ohio ?

A. The hilly portions along the Ohio, contains many primitive rocks, as granite, gneis, and mica slate; these are generally in loose masses, water worn, and rounded, and abound most in valleys, which appear to have been the beds of rivers. Secondary rocks, as limestone and sandstone from the basis of the soil.

Q. What are the minerals of Ohio?

A. In the eastern and north eastern divisions of this state, on the Muskingum, Hockhocking and Scioto, mineral coal abounds, and it has an extensive and rich coal region. It is in the greatest abundance, and of the best quality. It so happens that in the same region are found the greatest bodies of iron ore.

Nature seems to have furnished the industrious people of this state, with every possible facility, for important and staple manufactures. Limestone, marble, and freestone, in strata, easy to quarry, near the surface, and admirably adapted so building and public works, abound. The useful earths, and fossils are in the richest abundance Specimens of gypsum are procured from Sandusky bay.

Q. Have the mines of Ohio been extensively wrought, and are the products of a good quality?

A. Of mines which have yet been worked, Ohio has not much to boast. The free born citizens have found a much

more certain source of wealth, in the abundant productions of the fertile soil. Coal is however obtained in large quantities, and of a good quality. Iron ore is likewise discovered, and wrought extensively in several places; particularly at the falls of Licking river, four miles westerly from Zanesville, on Brush Creek in Adams county and various other places.

Q. Are there any Mineral or Medical Springs in this State?

A. Salt springs are common.

In some, the water conThe most tains almost as much salt as that of the sea. important manufactories of this article, are in Muskingum, Morgan, Jackson, and Gallia counties. Nearly half a million bushels are manufactured in this State. Those springs, whose waters are drunk as medicinal, are most of them more or less impregnated with muriate of soda. The Yellow Springs, the most accustomed watering place, after Harrodsburg Springs, in the western country, are situated near the Falls of the Miami, 63 miles from Cincinnati, and 18 from Dayton, intermediate between the pretty towns of Xenia and Springfield, and on the height of the table land of the state. The elevated posi tion, the grand and romantic scenery, and the cool and salubrious air, contribute, probably, as much to the restoration of invalids, as the waters, which are, however, strongly charged with iron in solution. The hotel displays a front with a colonade of 200 feet, with a number of beautiful cottages, parallel with the main building.— The clearing is cut out of the solid mass of forest; leaving trees and openings as beauty of scenery and shade require.

From this elevation, and these superb erections of art,` the eye sweeps the ancient forests, over Indiana, towards the Ohio and the lakes, arrested only by the horizon.

The Falls of the Little Miami, Pompey's Pillar, the Blue

Hole, and many other romantic spectacles in this region of grand and mountain scenery, impart to this watering place all the charms that the lovers of nature would require; and heighten the contrast of the luxury of the accommodations provided for visitants. Lovers of the picturesque affirm, that neither the Bedford Springs of Pennsylvania, nor the watering places of the mountains of Virginia, surpass this place in grandeur, or equal it in amenity of prospect.

Q. What are the Forest Trees and Natural Productions? A. The forest of this state is generally deep and heavy. The prevalent kinds of trees are the different species of oak, white, red, black, burr, and overcup; three or four species of ash, white blue, and black; yellow and white poplar; all the different species of elm, hackberry, buckeye, linn, and coffee tree. White maple is common, and sugar maple of great beauty, almost universal. Beach, however, is the most common timber. The undergrowth is spice bush, dog wood, iron wood, horn beam, black haw, pawpaw, different species of thorn, and wild plum.

The yellow poplar is a most splendid tree. It rears into 'the air a shaft of prodigious height and size. It flowers with gaudy bell shaped cups, and the leaves are of beautiful forms. It is a very useful timber for plank and rails, and all the purposes of building; and splits with great

ease.

Dogwood, has a beautiful heart-shaped and crimped leaf, and an umbrella-shaped top. It covers itself in spring with a profusion of brilliant white flowers, and in autumn with berries of a fine scarlet.

The pawpaw is, in our view, the prince of wild fruit. bearing shrubs. The leaves are long, of a rich appearance, and green; considerably resembling the smaller leaves of tobacco. The stem is straight, white, and of

unrivalled beauty. In fact, we have seen no cultivated shrub so ornamental and graceful as the paw-paw. The fruit closely resembles the cucumber, having a more smooth and regular appearance. When ripe, it is of a rich yellow. There are generally from two to five in a cluster. A pawpaw shrub, hanging full of fruit, of a size and weight so disproportioned to the stem, and from 'under long and rich looking leaves of the same yellow with the ripened fruit, of an African luxuriance of growth, is to us one of the richest spectacles that we have ever contemplated, in the array of the woods. The fruit contains from two to six seeds, like those of the tamarind, except that they are double the size. The pulp of the fruit resembles egg custard, in consistence and appearance. It has the same creamy feeling in the mouth, and unites the taste of eggs, cream, sugar, and spice. It is a natural custard, too luscious for the relish of most people. The fruit is nutritious, and a great resource of the savages.

Q. What is the climate of this State?

A. Climate here remarkably corresponds to latitude. elements that operate upon the result are elevations and proximity to waters, or distance from them. The climate, for instance, along the immediate valley of the Ohio, is more equable and temperate then in the middle and table lands of the state; and the difference greater than can be attributed merely to difference of latitude. The central parts of the state are in the same latitude with Philadelphia. The mean temperature of the year at Philadelphia was found to be fifty-three degrees. In the same time the mean temperature of Ohio was fifty-five degrees. As we recede from the Ohio, the temperature diminishes in a greater ratio than that of the latitude.— The prevalent and warm winds are those that blow from

the gulf, and up the valley of the Mississippi. The cold breezes are charged with the cold of Canada, and the Lakes.

In that part of the state that slopes to the south, the snow neither falls deep nor lies long. But in Connecticut Reserve, and in the points that slope towards the lakes they have deep and durable snows; and sleighing and sledding are practicable a considerable length of time. It is a great inconvenience in this climate, that during the winter months the transition from warm to cold, and the reverse, are frequent and violent. Thaws and frosts are the result, and the soil being deep and clayey, the travelling is muddy and uncomfortable. The winters are sometimes considerably severe, and the Ohio has been crossed at Cincinnati on ice for nine weeks. Oftentimes they are mild, and can scarcely be said to be more than a prolongation of autumn, and early opening of spring. Winter seldom commences in severity until Christmas, and its severity is generally mitigated early in February. Vegetation, which is the most certain and accurate thermometer, indicates a temperature of greater mildness in the season, than in the corresponding latitude on the Atlantic.

The heat of the summer in the Ohio valley is uniformly oppressive, but does not commence early, nor continue late in the season. The heat of summer abates as early in the autumn as in the more northern latitudes in the Atlantic country. The autumns are almost universally temperate, dry, and beautiful; and nothing can exceed them for health and pleasantness. No where in the world, is the grand autumnal painting of the forests in the decay of vegetation, seen in more beauty than in the beech forests of Ohio. The richness of the fading colours, and the effect of the mingling hues, baffle all description. A great farming community, like that of Ohio, could scarcely