if he attempts penetrating any farther, and indeed, in some places, he is obliged to proceed in a stooping position, in order to avoid them. Continuing up this subterraneous passage, you are obliged to walk in the run nearly all the way.

Parts of the run are sometimes dry, yet it is evident from its bed, and other visible marks, that at some seasons of the year, the water must flow through the different channels in large quantities.

There are, in the principal channel, several falls, which might very properly be denominated cataracts. The extent of the cave is, as yet, unknown, as it has been but partially explored; the greatest distance any person has yet penetrated, is about 800 feet, at which place there was no appearance of its termination. In ascending the cave, the eye is most agreeably struck with its grandeur. At every step new wonders presents themselves. Here, the spar is formed into trees, shrubs, &c. Which makes it have the appearance of a petrified grove. In some places, the spar is formed into the likeness of men, birds, beasts, organs, &c. And in one place, raised on a pedestal, is a striking resemblance of a half-unfurled flag. Besides these, there are hundreds of other similitudes, of which I shall not attempt a dercription. When we first saw them, we were only surprised at their diversity and beauty, but on a more minute examination, were struck with amazement, knowing them to be mere productions of nature, which hitherto, in solitary silence, had, in her playful moments, unseen and unheard, dressed the scene, as if for her own amusement."

There are some others in the state which we cannot notice for the want of space.

Q. What are the forest trees, and natural productions?

A. The most common trees are oak, hickery, chesnut,

walnut, maple, beech, birch, poplar, cherry, ash, elm, sassafras, sumach, elder, pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, cedar, locust, laurel, mulberry, cucumber, crabapple, thorn; there are no less than 15 varieties of oak, 6 or 7 of pine. There are also many wild grapes. We shall notice other trees not mentioned here, in the descriptions of the several counties,

i Q. How is the climate?

A. It is generally supposed that the climate of this state has undergone, and is still undergoing a very material change that thunder and lightening are less frequent the cold of our winters, and summer's heat, are becoming less uniform—the springs colder and at times more clement; and that there is less cold in the winter and less heat in the summer than sixty or seventy years ago. Judging, however, from the late past winters, this notionseems not to be well founded.

The early part of spring is generally changeable, stormy, and cold; in April, and the early part of May, the atmosphere is damp and cool. But at the close of May all nature smiles to meet the pleasant morning of June-it is then that the country is luxuriantly dressed in its verdant garb and floral trim. While the weather is frequently lustrated by the vivid flashing cloud's rich affusion, amid the peals of loud thunder. But when the rich crowned autumn approaches, then we have the most delightful season in the year.

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"Early in September, we perceive a gradual diminution of heat, cool evenings and mornings, and an agreeable temperature during the day. With a slow, but gradual increase of cold, the weather continues very pleasant till the last of October, or middle of November. About that time, the autumn is generally closed by a succession of rains, which are regarded as the harbingers of winter. It

must, however, be acknowledged, that all the seasons are subject to great, and very sudden changes.

It is said, there has been a very considerable diminution of water in Pennsylvania, that some streams, which were formerly good mill seats, are now dry. This is supposed to be owing to the removal of the forests, and consequent increase of evaporation.

It is thought that western Pennsylvania, is subject to greater changes, than the eastern part of the state. The extremes of heat and cold are known to be greater.In the winter, the N. W. wind sweeps over the land with uninterrupted violence, having neither mountains to interrupt its force, nor sea to soften its rigour. The lakes of ice and regions of snow, over which it passes, serve to increase the intensity of cold. The prevailing wind in summer is from the S. W. Coming from the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the great valley of the Mississippi, for nearly two thousand miles, bringing with it an increased temperature. This accounts for the excess of heat and cold, with which this part of the state is visited. The whole of western Pennsylvania is remarkably healthy.

Q. What is the average quantity of water that falls yearly in Pennsylvania ?

A. The average quantity of water which falls yearly is from 24 to 26 inches, according to the statement of Dr. Rush. But this would seem much too small, since a table of 20 years, from 1810 to 1829, inclusive, 14 of which were kept by P. Legeaux, Esq., at Spring Mills, and six at the Pennsylvania Hospital, gives 35-16 inches; and a table for ten years ending 1827, kept by Dr. Darlington, of West Chester, gives 49-92 inches. In the first table, the highest was 43-135 inches in 1814, and the lowest 23.354 in 1819. In the last table, the highest was 54-1 inches in 1824, the lowes, 39-3, in 1822.

Q. Can you give me a brief account of the Government of this State?

A. The existing constitution of Pennsylvania, was adopted September 23, 1790. The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. No person shall be a representative, who shall not have attained the age of 21 years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state three years next preceding his election, and the last year thereof an inhabitant of the city or county in which he shall be chosen; unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the United States or of this state. Representatives are chosen annually. The senators shall be chosen for four years by the citizens of Philadelphia, and of the several counties, at the same time, in the same manner, and at the same place where they shall vote for representatives. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of 25 years, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the state four years next before his election, and the last year thereof an inhabitant of the district for which he shall have been chosen; unless he shall have been absent on public business of the United States or of this state. The senators shall be chosen in in districts, to be formed by the legislature; each district containing such a number of taxable inhabitants as shall be entitled to elect not more than four senators. When a district is composed of two or more counties, they shall be adjoining. Neither the city of Philadelphia, nor any county, shall be divided in forming a district. In elections by the citizens, every freeman of the age of 21 years, haying resided in the state two years next before the election, and within that time have paid a state or county tax, which shall have been assessed at least six months before the election, shall enjoy the right of an elector. An enumeration of the taxable inhabitants shall be made sepa

rately in such manner as shall be directed by law. Such enumerations have been made in 1793, 1800, 1807, &c. up to 1835. The supreme executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall be chosen on the second Tuesday of October, by the citizens of the commonwealth, at the place where they shall respectively vote for represen. tatives. The person having the highest number of votes shall be Governor. But, if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be chosen Governor by the joint vote of the members of both houses. The Governor shall hold his office during three years from the third Tuesday of December, next ensuing his election; and shall not be capable of holding it longer than 9 years in any term of 12 years. He shall be at least 30 years of age, and have been a citizen and inhabitant of this state seven years next before his election; unless he shall have been absent on the public business of the U. States, or of this state. No member of Congress, or person holding any office under the United States or this state, shall exercise the office of Governor. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the commonwealth, and the militia; except when they shall be called into the actual service of the U. States. He shall appoint all officers whose offices are established by the constitution of the commonwealth, or are created by law, and whose appointments are not otherwise provided for. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, and grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment. Every bill, which shall have passed both houses of the General Assembly, shall be presented to the Governor. If he approve, he shall sign it, but if he shall not approve, he shall return it, with his exceptions, to the house in which it shall have originated, and must be first examined in that house, and sent to the other, with the Governor's objections. And if the bill be approved by two-thirds of each house, it shall, notwith