solved the problem by the agency of deep wells and powerful steam pumps, and can be relied upon finally to achieve success in a much larger degree. Artesian well experiments have so far failed, but confidence is entertained that ultimately an artesian well flow will be secured. The lodes in the surrounding hills, whence the placer deposits undoubtedly crumbled and washed down, are of inestimable value. Indeed, the range of mountains extending from Dolores south about 8 miles is virtually one vast upheaval of mineralized matter. Cunningham and several other hills of the range are veritable mountains of ore of high enough grade to warrant the belief that the whole mass will be worked when the requisite facilities are introduced.

Some of these lodes were developed to the extent of several hundreds of feet many years ago, and there are evidences that much mineral was extracted. It is estimated that gold to the value of $5,000,000 was taken out of the old workings of the Ortiz mine, and the wealth of several of the prominent native families of the Territory can be traced to this source. This mine is now being systematically worked, and its free-milling output treated at a plant on the ground. In the same vicinity is the Benton mine, from one pocket of which $60,000 worth of ore was mined in a few months some years ago.

At Golden, a few miles south in the same range, are found numerous lodes of gold and silver bearing ore, as well as blanket deposits of lead and iron carbonates, that carry both of the precious metals. Several of these lodes are undergoing systematic development which promises rich results. Tests at small local plants prove that most of the ores will readily yield their values in Huntington mills. Two miles farther south are the San Pedro copper mines, showing large bodies of copper ore which pay handsomely at the smelter near by. Owing to litigation the mines mentioned were not worked for several years, but are now being operated under competent management, and both mining and reduction facilities are being increased as rapidly as possible, a fine smelter, employing many men, having been completed only a short time ago.

Large bodies of silver-bearing lead and zinc ore have been opened near Cerrillos, but the low price of silver and other causes have prevented their being worked during recent years. The workings of the Cash Entry mine are very extensive, and it is understood that great bodies of ore are disclosed that would pay well at the present prices of silver and lead. These large bodies of iron, zinc, and lime will some day be in demand. A fine modern smelter occupies a prominent and desirable site at Cerrillos and is being enlarged previous to resuming operations.

At Turquesa, a few miles north of Cerrillos, are located the celebrated turquoise mines of the American Turquoise Company, from which thousands of dollars' worth of magnificent gems have been extracted and shipped to New York. Experts pronounce them superior in purity, luster, and enduring sky-blue color to any produced in the world, surpassing the turquoise of Persia in the exact tint desired. Garnets of rare beauty are also found in the county. Large deposits of marble, limestone, and fire clay of splendid quality exist in the immediate vicinity of Santa Fe.

Much prospecting is going on in the mountains near Santa Fe, and some fine looking specimens of copper, iron, and mica have been brought in that indicate valuable ore bodies.

Several mining deals made recently show that mining men and capitalists are beginning to pay attention to the mineral wealth of the

Santa Fe Range. In the vicinity of Glorieta are also very large iron and copper deposits that will be worked extensively some day. Near Nambe are valuable mica deposits that are being worked.

COAL MEASURES AT MADRID.

The coal measures at Madrid, just south of Cerrillos, show three distinct veins from 5 to 10 feet thick extending for miles. The output of these veins is remarkably varied, including soft, free coking, noncoking bituminous, semianthracite, and anthracite. The intimate association of bituminous and anthracite veins appearing in alternate strata in the same mine is a phenomenon that deeply interests geologists. Purely practical people, however, are contented with the knowledge that the veins contain enough for many generations to come and that it is nearly all of superior quality. The mines are operated by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, whose tracks reach the workings, giving employment to 554 men, and produce annually about 250,000 tons of coal worth about $450,000. The company also operates a large coke-making plant near the mines, and finds a ready market for its product in Colorado, New Mexico, and at El Paso. A fine electric plant, for the purpose of generating and transmitting power to operate the Albemarle mine and mill in the Cochiti mining district, is running at Madrid, where the vast accumulation of slack affords unlimited quantities of cheap fuel. Large coal beds also exist in other portions of south Santa Fe County, as well as in the immediate vicinity of Santa Fe, and are being quietly and steadily developed. Coal in large quantities also exists on the Pecos Forest Reserve.

THE CLIMATE.

In counting up the assets of Santa Fe County its peerless climate must be taken into account, for in many respects it is one of the greatest resources and attractions of the county. It stands without peer among the counties of the United States in that respect. It is the ideal sanitarium for consumptives and invalids. Its altitude, the dryness of its atmosphere, the mildness of its winters, and the coolness of its summers make it a perfect summer and winter resort and a haven of refuge for those who seek health in a different climate from their home. In summer the temperature very seldom exceeds 80°, and a temperature of 100 is not on record during the twenty-eight years that the Weather Bureau has kept records at Santa Fe. But even a temperature of 100 would feel 10° to 20° cooler at Santa Fe than at New York or Boston on account of the low humidity of the atmosphere. During the night in summer there is always a fall of from 20° to 30° in temperature, and it is very seldom if ever at all that the minimum temperature of any day exceeds 65°. In winter almost perpetual sunshine with but few cloudy days make the county also an ideal winter resort, where the air is crisp enough to be bracing, but yet where the thermometer in the sunshine very seldom descends below the freezing point, where the winds are much less violent than they are in other parts of the Southwest, where snow falls moderately and is absorbed by the ground or atmosphere generally within a short space of time after its fall.

Hundreds of people not only in Santa Fe but in all parts of the world can testify to the healing qualities of the climate and the pine odor laden air of Santa Fe County. Many miraculous cures stand to

the credit of the climate, and there is no doubt that every case of incipient consumption, where the patient lives an outdoor life and observes the most obvious hygienic and dietary rules, will be benefited and eventually cured by it. But not only for consumption but for many other diseases Santa Fe County is a sanitarium that brings health and the blush of roses back to the cheeks. It is a positive physical delight to live in a climate of that kind, and those who have lived under the blue skies of Santa Fe for any length of time are always anxious to return to its climate, no matter how great may be the attractions of other sections and cities.

ATTRACTIONS FOR TOURISTS.

Santa Fe not only offers great attractions to the permanent settler and to the health seeker, but also to the transient guest, the tourist. A tour of the West is incomplete without a visit to Santa Fe, and it should be the last place that is cut from the itinerary of the man or the woman who wants to see the West. There is no other city and no other county in the United States which can offer in so small a radius so many sights of historic, archæologic, ethnologic, and scenic interest as Santa Fe. Twenty miles west of the city are the wonderful cliff dwellings and communal houses of a prehistoric race, which will be set aside in a national park to be called the Pajarito Park. Five interesting Pueblo villages are within easy reach of Santa Fe, each with its unique characteristics, peculiar fiestas, and picturesque dances, namely, Tesuque, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Nambe, and Pojoaque. There are also ruins of a pueblo, a few miles from Santa Fe, more recent than those of the cliff dwellings, but still very interesting. There are bottomless craters, lava fields, the falls of the Pojoaque, the Nambe, and the Santa Fe; 20 mountain peaks, easily climbed, and yet ranging in height from 10,000 to 13,000 feet; beautiful and majestic canyons, such as the Santa Fe Canyon, the Box Canyon, the White Rock Canyon, and many others; fine panoramas and views from divides and mountain heights, and many other scenic attractions that delight the traveler and make impressions upon the visitor that are never forgotten. The great Pecos Forest Reserve-an ideal hunting and fishing ground-is best reached from Santa Fe, and in itself offers attractions that should keep any tourist for a whole summer. Visits to the gold, silver, turquoise, coal, and other mines of the county should also prove interesting to the transient visitor, as well as a trip to the typical ranches of the county, such as the great goat ranch at Lamy, as well as the beautiful orchards of the city and vicinity and the northern part of the county. Santa Fe is also the best starting point for those who desire to visit or settle in the rich counties of Rio Arriba, Taos, and San Juan, the former two great mining, agricultural, and stock sections, while the last-named is preeminently an agricultural and horticultural section, although also possessing mineral wealth and scenic attractions. The hot and mineral springs at Ojo Caliente and in the Jemez Mountains and a number of mountain resorts, beautiful in their solitude, are easily reached from Santa Fe by wagon road or by railroad. Good hotels, a well-equipped sanatorium for health seekers, maintained by the good Sisters of Charity, and a hospitable people, will make the stranger who comes to Santa Fe County feel at home, and the tourist who spends a day, or a week, or a month, or even a year in Santa Fe will feel himself well repaid for his outlay and for his trouble.

CITY OF SANTA FE.

The historic city of Santa Fe, seat of the government of the Territory of New Mexico and the county of Santa Fe, also see of an archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church, enjoys the distinction of being the oldest town and the oldest capital on the American continent. Its permanent settlement by Europeans antedates the founding of Jamestown and also the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth more than twenty years. The thrilling and romantic incidents composing its story, the protracted and bloody struggles with hordes of savage Indians, the capture and pillage by hostile Pueblos in 1680, the general massacre of missionaries and explorers and flight of the governor and a few followers in the night to El Paso, the reserving of some of the handsomest Spanish maidens for wives of favored warriors, the desecration and destruction of the Christian churches and the restoration of the worship of snakes and stone idols, the reconquest by Diego de Vargas twelve years later, the terrible punishment visited upon the rebellious Pueblos, the change from Spanish rule to the rule of the triumphant Republic of Mexico, the capture by the United States forces under General Kearney and the building of old Fort Marcy in 1846, the stirring scenes accompanying the distribution of the immense traffic of the Santa Fe trail, the wild deeds of desperadoes, and the fabulous hazards at cards in the days before the advent of the railroad afford the material for an epic poem of deep interest.

Here, so carefully preserved that the marks of its 301 years of age are not perceptible, is located the noted "Adobe Palace," which was the official residence of the Spanish and Mexican governors, and since the Mexican war has been the headquarters of all the Territorial governors or secretaries appointed by the different Presidents of the United States. Here is situated the oldest house standing on American soil, and near by is the San Miguel Church, first built in 1540, and still used as a place of worship. Here stand the beautiful and imposing new capitol building, the massive modern cathedral of St. Francis, the large and enduring stone Federal building, the modern penitentiary of New Mexico, San Miguel College, Loretto Convent, St. Katherine and the United States Indian schools, the New Mexico Industrial School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind; Presbyterian, Episcopal, and Methodist churches; the large Presbyterian Mission School, St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Sanatorium, St. Vincent's Orphan School, besides many fine business blocks and private residences. Here side by side are object lessons whereby the civilization of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries can be studied in contrast with that of the present day as nowhere else in America.

Environed by protecting hills and thus exempt from strong winds and sand storms, surrounded by enchanting natural scenery, beautified by orchards and gardens of flowers, blessed with a climate that is free from extremes of heat and cold and air that is pure and tonic; supplied with an abundance of pure water for domestic, manufacturing, and irrigating purposes from the extensive storage reservoir in the mouth of the Santa Fe Canyon; furnished with competing rail, express, and telegraph communication with all outside points; the headquarters of the Federal and Territorial officials; the meeting place of the legislature, the supreme court, the United States Court of Private Land Claims, the United States and Territorial district courts, and the various Territorial boards; the see of the archbishop of New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado; the location of the New

Mexico Historical Society, and also of the Horticultural Society of New Mexico; a city having started a modern sewerage system, preparing to build two new modern brick schoolhouses up to the highest standard of excellence and possessing a fine public-school system with a good high school and four ward schools, Santa Fe is naturally forging to the front as a popular residence city.

The two reservoirs of the Santa Fe Water and Light Company are located about 2 miles up the Rio Santa Fe, cost about $300,000, and consist of a large reservoir or artificial lake, secured by means of a semicircular dam across the canyon, 600 feet long, 350 feet wide, securely tied to bed rock, and 120 feet high, with mains and service pipes extending to every part of the city. A smaller reservoir on the hillside supplies the power required to operate the city's electric-light plant, and a new ditch system is completed that greatly adds to the capacity of the system.

The city has the oldest national bank in New Mexico. Its business houses command a large trade area, and it is the gateway through which passes a large part of the wool and other products of Rio Arriba, Taos, and Santa Fe counties, as well as of southwestern Colorado, bound for the South or for the East.

Woman's Board of Trade.-The Woman's Board of Trade of Santa Fe is a unique and characteristic institution. Its object is to advance every interest pertaining to the welfare and prosperity of the "oldest city in the United States." This body is regularly incorporated under the laws of the Territory of New Mexico. The standing committees for work are finance, library, visiting and relief, intelligence, improvement, industrial, house, woman's exchange, prevention of cruelty to animals, reception and education, press, and cemetery.

The public plaza is entirely under the direction of the Woman's Board of Trade, and the city of Santa Fe appropriates $200 per year toward its support. A free public library of over 1,500 volumes, and a free reading room with all the leading magazines and papers are open to the public.

It also owns a pauper burial plot for the benefit of those too poor to purchase lots.

The visiting and relief work is the most important of all its branches, as hundreds are given relief in one way or another every year.

The board owns the majority of shares of stock in the fruit evaporating company, its object being to assist in establishing and promoting any worthy enterprise. It recently erected a memorial bronze fountain in the plaza dedicated to the late Archbishop Lamy.

Early history-In 1541, when Coronado passed through the then unexplored country in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola, he found an Indian pueblo or town already established where the present city of Santa Fe now stands. It was undoubtedly a place of much importance among the tribes who occupied the country at that time, as Coronado estimated the population at 15,000 souls. The many natural advantages of the location early attracted the attention of the Spanish settlers and about the year 1605, perhaps sooner, it became a permanent Spanish town and the seat of government for that part of New Spain which was ceded to the United States in 1848. On August 8, 1680, the Pueblo Indians, under the leadership of Pope, a Taos Indian, revolted against the Spanish and began a war of extermination on the invaders. So successful were they in the uprising that on August 21 of the same year the Spaniards were com