ries; and the windows, six in number, are filled with painted glass of old German manufacture, seemingly of the date of the Emperor Maximilian. In a quiet corner, near the screen, hangs a Crusader's sword, said to be the sword of Udard de Broham, temp. Henry II. A.D. 1175, and of intense interest, from its having been brought with a prick spur from his tomb in the chancel of Brougham church. Through the hall and looking out upon the terrace, over the woods and up the vale of Lowther, is the diningroom, a low-roofed wainscoted room, also of napkin paneling, but much finer and more delicately executed than that of the hall, of the time of Henry VII. and with an elaborately-carved chimney-piece, representing some battle scene, carved oak doors, &c. Above this room, and approached by a staircase carved in oak, with twisted bannister rails, is the old drawing-room, exactly of the same size, perhaps thirty feet long, but somewhat loftier, and with numerous heraldic achievements emblazoned in the spaces between the heavy cross beams and at their intersections. The walls are hung with tapestry of the time of Charles II. and in capital preservation; the colouring as good and brilliant as new. Over the carved fireplace are the arms of Edward VI. with his initials. Opposite to the door of the dining-room is Lord Brougham's own room, also paneled, but with plain panels painted white, crammed with books and papers, pictures, prints, and a most delightful and comfortable room, having one of the richest views imaginable of woods, water, patches of green and cultivated land, in endless variety, and backed by the range of mountains hemming in and forming the eternal barriers of the lakes.

A flight of steps within the screen leads to a small drawing-room, which is fitted up in the modern fashion, but with old oak mantelpiece, carved doors, and ribbed roof, with windows opening out into the gardens. Beyond this room is the library,-as may be supposed the most imposing and sumptuous apartment in the house, of large but unequal form, and fitted around with heavy oak carved book-presses, well filled with books, of the quality of which it is superfluous to speak.

Above these presses the wall is hung with Cordovan leather, gilt and painted, and upon this costly ancient material hang a series of family portraits of various ages and costumes. The roof is highly enriched with carvings, illuminated missal-wise.

Retracing our steps down the cloistered stone passage, through the screen and up the great hall, an iron clenched door opens upon the grand staircase, with stone-arched doorways and openings to galleries from the various landings on the ponderous oaken stairs. In one upper corner the walls show a gathering-up of masonry upon corbelled projections, which seems to betoken some covered-up, secret chamber or private stair; or perhaps the support of some superstructure in the shape of a tower or turret above the roof, all giving evidence of Edwardian character. In recent repairs of this staircase, much old oak has been brought from Scailes Hall, another old property long in the possession of the family, and now also belonging to his lordship. Curious ancient glazing in plain glass, but much infinity of pattern in leaded forms, lights the staircase; and the roof is very rich and handsome, with a brass chandelier of flamboyant character, and perhaps Spanish or French origin.

Many of the bed-rooms are hung with tapestry, wainscoted, or decorated with stamped or gilt leather, and furnished with antique oak, marquetrie, and buhl furniture. In one room, hung with dingy, faded tapestry, beside a carved oaken bedstead furnished with thick old silk, the carpet upon being displaced shows a trap-door in the wormed oakenplanked floor, and this leads down a flight of stone steps, through the centre of the house, in the thickness of an inner wall, down into a small stone vault, and eventually out amongst the brushwood under the terrace; a very significant feature of the frail tenure upon which men held their lives and lands in the "good old days." However much and deservedly we may admire this most picturesque and interesting of all styles of architecture, we most certainly ought to feel thankful we live in an age when so romantic an adjunct to a bed-room is no longer necessary.

Another of these bed-rooms, the

walls decorated with Dutch leather, brilliantly gilt and painted, contains a magnificent, ponderous, old bedstead of carved oak, covered thick and thicker with all the heraldries of all the Talbots. It came originally from Sheffield Castle, through various possessors, until purchased by Mr. Watt of Aston Hall, Birmingham, and presented by him to his lordship. How many a tale of romance does this frowning old bed seem cognizant of, perhaps occupied by Mary Queen of Scots during her long confinement under the Earl of Shrewsbury; her eyes fixed upon the heraldic pomp of her lordly keeper, but her heart far away, either in her own land of blue mountains, or in gay and regretted France.

Its modern occupant, if endowed with thought, may doze and dream away a thousand and one tales of terror and love in connection with this fine old relic of domestic economy, and yet perhaps, after all, not the least interesting part of its history may be its having been presented by James Watt to Henry Brougham.

From the armourie" chamber, a flight of corbel stone steps, projecting from the wall, leads to a strange sort of gallery, which appears to be immediately over the machicolations of the great tower, and from which missiles of offence had in ancient times been projected. Since the armoury has been converted into a sleeping room, the openings of the machicolations have been closed, and the passage now assumes quite a Udolphoish dreamy character, and worthy of Mrs. Radcliffe. This room, though divested of its ancient appurtenances, still boasts a fine, old, timbered roof with the tooth ornament of Edward III's. time, and the bed of oak is hung with faded embroidered curtains of no modern date; the window, fire-place, all speaking of distant years.

This grim old apartment was described to me as being before its change a strange, old-world scene, such as rarely now can be met with; armour hanging, decayed and rusty, piecemeal upon the walls; in some places dropped upon its floor, and struggling with accumulated dust and cobwebs for the slightest chance of being visible, intermingled with ragged pennoncels dropping from their hooks, bundles

of pikes and other weapons; in fact a scene to which George Cattermole's pencil could alone have done justice.

The muniment room I have a vague suspicion is most quaint and redolent of iron-clasped, worm-eaten coffers, with clumsy, cankered locks, and all the other attendant decaying interests usual in such matters-musty parchments-charters-huge seals-brazenclasped books-inventories, &c. Of these things rumours are afloat, but few know the truth, and I, alas! know not even the situation thereof.

suspect, like the similar room in the Castle of Glammis of Shakesperian and Macbeth notoriety, no person but the lord, his heir, and the seneschal of the castle, are allowed to know its security.

Throughout the various dressing and sleeping rooms there is an endless variety of ancient decoration, tapestry, leather, paneling, faded brocade, and embroidered silks, oaken carved grotesque bedsteads, garderobes, chairs of all shapes and conveniences, chimneys with raised hearths and with andirons; and yet all made choicely convenient by the addition of modern utilities our ancestors knew not of, but so admitted as to harmonize as much as possible with the more ancient arrangements.

In making some alterations in one of the towers, some Norman work in the shape of an arched recess was found, and this room is now being repaired to give it a character somewhat in accordance with the date of the ancient work there discovered. A large stone arch divides the room, or rather forms a sort of recess for the bed, which is to be made from old drawings and illuminations, and a piece of tapestry of high antiquity will be drawn across the inside of the arch instead of having curtains to the bed. The chimney-piece is of Norman zigzag work with inlaid tiled hearth; the walls of wattled work in stone, part tinted azure, with an intermixture of gold; and above the arch in the spandrels are two of the Norman kings on thrones, painted from original drawings, and the whole surmounted by a heavy carved and painted roof. This is and will be one of the most singular rooms in the kingdom when completed.

Returning once more to the baronial hall, with its fifteenth century gloom and chivalric recollections, and passing thence along the stone cloistered passage, access is gained by a postern door heavily hinged and bolted to the terrace, at one end of which the bridge before mentioned as passing high over head above the principal approach leads to the chapel-a low and very ancient building, apparently sunk in the earth, and grey with lichen and moss, but inside of uncommon splendour. Dr. Markham, a prebendary of Carlisle, in a MS. which relates principally to the ecclesiastical matters of the diocese, and written about 1680, says, "At the mansion of Browham stands a chapel of a very antient erection. In the year 1377 Johannes de Burgham is said to have had 'Capellam apud Browham Seto Wilfrido`sacram antiquis temporibus fundatam,' and that a chaplain attended divine

offices at it."

The roof is an open timbered one, consisting of a series of arches, and carved with the armorial insignia of the family. The seats are open benches, the standards and poppy heads all richly carved, and the pulpit a piece of very fine late work. One part of the chapel is divided from the rest by an elaborate parclose screen, forming an antechapel, in which is placed the organ and choir. There is a fine altar-piece of the most gorgeous character, brought from the continent, and placed by Mr. William Brougham in its present situation, the original one of very old carved oak being removed to the west end of the chapel. There is also a very curious old lace altar-cloth. In an ambry are a collection of antique ecclesiastic vessels of silver gilt, with sundry relics of enamelled crosses, The windows pyx, monstrance, &c. contain much good painted glass, particularly that in the eastern one, which bears a very strong resemblance to the glass in the celebrated transept window known as the Five Sisters in York Cathedral. The discarded stone flag, formerly the altar, I searched in vain for amongst the flags of the floor, where it is so frequently found, with its five crosses, in old churches; but the piscina yet remains. There is a traditional story that the chapel was built over the holy well of St. Wil

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and of late years several of the like kind have been found in the fields, but so shattered and defaced by the rashness and negligence of the workmen and labourers, that the characters are not legible." These are now, as before stated, in the great court near the entrance gate tower, in a snug quiet corner, not exposed to any danger. Gale, in his edition of the Itinerary of Antoninus, ed. 1719, p. 97,the latter part of the fifth journey from London to Carlisle,-gives "Brovaco," Brougham, the intermediate station between Brough and Carlisle. Camden and Stukeley also mention In Caxton's Chronicle, the station. "The Description of Englande," &c. is the following passage :-"Other men wolde suppose y Alcliud was that cite that now is called Burgham, in the north coutre of Westmorelonde, fast by Comberland, and standeth by The cite is there the river Eden. wondrously seen."

The family burial aisle is not in the chapel at the hall, but in the chancel of Brougham church, or as sometimes called "Nine Kirks ;" and here from

the Saxon times have the family constantly deposited their dead. A quieter and more peaceable restingplace could not well be imagined. It is between three and four miles from the hall, lying apart from any habitation in a sequestered nook of land occupying a bend of the river, and altogether is one of those little quaint old-world spots consecrated by religion which are more frequently mentioned in books than to be found in reality.

The church itself is a very similar structure to the chapel at Brougham, but not near in so good repair, and has a musty, mouldy smell of decay so usual in such out-of-the-way churches. Beside the chancel door lie three stone coffinlids, seemingly kicked out of the chancel to make room for some subsequent memorials, since become also antiquated, and until of late years but little either noticed or cared for. The church has an open timbered oaken roof, arches with wind braces, &c. and, in spite of repairs circa 1660, which have destroyed and nearly obliterated the original architecture, it has a solemn gloom, from the smallness of its roundheaded windows, filled with dim old dingy and smudged green glass. The principal object of attraction is the disinterment made in the year 1846, and so well described in the Archæo logical Journal by Mr. Brougham, with attendant notes by Mr. Albert Way. Oaken trap-doors have been contrived, in the most judicious manner, which lift up with rings, and now disclose the remains, as discovered, but minus the relies of the spur, metallic end of horn, and sword, now at the hall. The first skeleton discovered was cross-legged, and with the spur in question upon the left-heel, but with none on the right, or any trace of there having been any. This curious fact, in opposition to the well-known importance attached to a pair of spurs, has caused much speculation. One similar instance is mentioned by Mr. Way, but of a more remote period. Some of the figures amongst the ancient decorations of the Painted Chamber at Westminster are so portrayed in the Vetusta Monumenta. This skeleton is known to be that of Udard de Brougham, who flourished in the 12th century, and is surmounted by a flag

or coffin-lid, incised with a cross flory and a cross-hilted sword, with what appears to be a sort of circular shield. This stone tradition has always pointed out as the "Crusader's tomb." Upon another incised flag, with a cross and sword upon it, is a rough incision of the letter B, and this is supposed to cover the remains of Gilbert de Broham, who succeeded Udard, and died 1230. Nine of these skeletons were examined, and with one supposed to be Saxon, was discovered a circlet seemingly of silver gilt, and apparently the end of a horn. It is about three inches in diameter and three quarters of an inch broad, and covered with interlacing work, intermingled with a sort of cherub with the hands raised. As only two incised flags are remaining, it may not be improbable that those on the outside may appertain to these remains. It would at all events be interesting to lift them from their present resting-place, and examine what is beneath.

In the family vault, close by where these skeletons lay, are several coffins of lead of various ages, and one large one of stone filled with bones; collected into this no doubt to make room for others.

What storms have passed over the land since the remote period when these lifeless figures lorded it over the surrounding country in all the pomp and circumstance of barbarous power! How peaceful now, with not a sound to dispel their rest, but the gurgling of the adjacent river, or the sighing of the breeze! The stillness is so solemn that the opening of the rusty-hinged heavy chancel door is quite startling, and the harsh grating of the trap-doors sounds enough to awaken the sleepers of the six and eight centuries below.

Dr. Markham further says, "From Browham or (as it was sometimes writ) Burgham, an ancient and warlike family took their surname and designation. They resided and flourished at this place for several ages. In or about the reign of Edward I. Gilbertus de Burgham was in possession of the whole, which he held in drengagio, a sort of military service, from the Danish word drenge, which signifies a servant. One moiety of the estate and manor he remits and gives up with the mill and advowson of the

Church, and all his land in the forest of Whinfell and Hamels, to Robert de Veteripont, on condition that the other half should be free from that tenure to him and his posterity. Of late years Henry Browham, esq. a descendant of the said Gilbert, sold the possession, and removed to Scailes, within the parish of Skelton, co. Cumb. where some account has been given of the family." In the margin is added in a later hand, "In this year 1716 John Browham, esq. repurchased the estate, and is now in possession of it."

The first of the names is Walter de Broham, antecedent to the Conquest, and the next Wilfred; thirdly comes Udard, whose cross-legged skeleton was discovered in the church. In the records of the Exchequer is a document showing that he was fined in the 22d year of Henry II. for joining the rebel Barons, and he is there called "Udardus de Broham." He was governor of Appleby castle, and was beaten, together with Gospatrick, son of Orme, at Appleby, by William King of Scots, who had entered the northern provinces 1174, with an army of 80,000 men, during the absence of Henry in France. He took the castles of Carlisle, Penrith, and Appleby, the last being then considered the key to England, being the guard of the mountain pass of Stainmore. In fact Udard, his kinsman De Morville, Earl Gospatrick, and others, were at this time rebelling against Henry, so that their opposition to the King of Scotland was not likely to be very strenuous. These internal disturbances brought Henry back from France, who quickly defeated the Scotch, and brought the rebellious Barons under subjection, Udard and others escaping abroad and joining the second Crusade. bert de Broham his son gave up half his estate to Robert de Veteripont, who was then sheriff of Westmorland, but not in the time of Edward I., as stated in the Markham MS., but in the reign of King John, as shown by a deed now in the Rolls Chapel. He paid a fine for his nonattendance upon that monarch into Normandy, and his name appears on the "oblata roll" of the 2nd of King John, preserved in the Tower of London, amongst the Drenges of Westmoreland, "Walter de Harcla," "Tail

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boys Baron of Kendal," "John de Morvill," and "Gilbert de Broham." In the deed with Veteripont he spells his name "de Burgham," but here "de Broham." It appears that the Norman tower forming the keep to the castle of Brougham (afterwards so long one of the residences of the powerful family of the Cliffords, Earls of Westmorland, but now in ruins), together with the advowson of the church and a considerable estate, at this time passed from the family; but they never parted with the manor.

To Gilbert succeeds Henry de Burgham, less celebrated than his modern namesake, and to him John de Burgham, sheriff of Westmoreland in 1351. Sir John de Burgham, knight, the next in descent, settles a disputed boundary with Sir Roger Clifford, knight; and the instrument, dated 2nd of Richard II., is in the Rolls Chapel. In 1383 Sir John de Burgham was knight of the shire for the county of Cumberland. His son, John de Burgham, also sat in Parliament for Carlisle, 1394 and 1396, and was succeeded by Thomas de Burgham, who in 1436 also was member for Cumberland. Succeeding him, we have John Burgham, the prefix "de" being now laid aside, who, by post mortem inquisition in 1494, is found seized of the manor of Brougham. John his son, 1504, married a daughter of Dudley of Yanwath Hall; succeeded by Gilbert Burgham, temp. Henry VIII. Thomas Burgham next follows, Lord of Brougham, A.D. 1553; married Jane, daughter of John Vaux of Catterlen and Tryermayne-hence the title Lord Brougham and Vaux. Henry Burgham, temp. Elizabeth. Thomas Browham demises unto Agnes, his widow, "all that manor, capital, messuage, and demesne lands called Brougham Hall," &c. He died childless, and was succeeded by Peter Brougham, his uncle, who married Anne, daughter and heiress of John Southaic, of Scailes Hall, in Cumberland, representative of the Boyvills, feudal barons of Levington, and descended also from Ivo de Tailboyes, lord of Kendal. Henry Brougham, of Scailes and Blackhall, about 1622. Thomas Brougham, of Scailes Hall, sheriff of Cumberland, died in 1648. Henry Brougham, esq. of Scailes Hall, his son, is thus mentioned in Bishop