the title-page, "A Bibliographical, Antiquarian, and Picturesque Tour in the Northern Counties of England and Scotland."

Dr. Dibdin married early in life, and had issue two sons and one daughter. His younger son died at Kensington in his ninth year, and his elder son in India in 1827, being an officer in the Bengal cavalry. His widow and daughter survive him; and are happily relieved from the pressure of distress which might otherwise have overwhelmed them, by the generosity of Earl Spencer, who, in addition to his innumerable_other acts of kindness, had insured the Doctor's life for 1000l.

There are several engraved portraits of Dr. Dibdin :

1. In a clerical habit, ætatis xxxv. after Masquerier, by Freeman, in the large paper copies of the Bibliomania, 1811; destroyed after twenty-five impressions.

2. A silhouette, or shade, with his hat on, in the Bibliomania, p. 746.

3. By H. Edridge, engaved by H. Meyer, 1816.

4. By T. Phillips, R.A. engraved by James Thomson; in the second edition of the Continental Tour.

5. By George Richmond, engraved by J. Posselwhite; in the Literary Reminiscences. A very intelligent and "speaking" likeness.

PROFESSOR M'CULLAGH, F.R.S.

Oct. 24. At Trinity college, Dublin, aged 38, James M'Cullagh, esq. F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy at that university.

Mr. M'Cullagh was born at Loughlindhuhussey, in the parish of Upper Badoney, in the county of Tyrone, about ten miles from Strabane. The place of his birth belonged to his grandfather,--a man of considerable acquirements, and a scholar of some pretensions. Shortly after his birth, his father removed from the mountain farm which he occupied to Strabane, principally that he might have the means of educating his son, which was not practicable in the secluded glen in which he lived.

Young M'Cullagh was placed at the only reputable school at that time in Strabane, where his genius soon displayed itself; and it is recorded that he was generally occupied during the hours devoted by other boys to play in solving

* We are indebted to the notice of Prof. M'Cullagh included in the Memoir of deceased Fellows of the Royal Society, which was read at their last anniversary, for the greater portion of this memoir.

mathematical problems. It is also recorded that when Euclid was first put into his hands he was dissatisfied with the task imposed on him, for he was only required to commit the solution of a problem to memory, like a copy of verses, and repeat it; no attempt being made by the master to explain the beautiful chain of reasoning. This did not suit the character of young M'Cullagh's mind; which even at this unformed period could not rest tranquil until it thoroughly understood the nature of everything that came before it. For several days he appeared restless, unhappy, and puzzled,—wandering about with a copy of Euclid in his hand. In his perplexity he met a neighbour, who, although but a working carpenter by calling, was yet a man endowed with great judgment and ability. In reply to his question relative to the cause of his unhappiness, M'Cullagh told him that he was obliged to learn by heart a set of strange words, the meaning of which he was most anxious to understand; at the same time showing him the proposition which he was committing to memory for the next day's task. The carpenter instantly sat down with the puzzled boy, and in a short time showed him by geometrical demonstration the nature of a proof. This was the manner in which M'Cullagh first learned to prove a proposition in Euclid.

When commencing his classical studies he was removed from Strabane, and sent to the school of the Rev. John Graham, at Lifford, and, subsequently, to that of the Rev. Thomas Rollestone. Here he remained until Nov. 1824,-when he entered Trinity college, Dublin, as a pensioner. He was then in the fifteenth year of his age. In the following year he became a candidate for a sizarship, which he obtained. Throughout his undergraduate course he carried away every honour both in science and classics. In 1827 he obtained a scholarship, and in 1832 (the year in which his scholarship expired) he was elected a Fellow. In 1835 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics, Dr. Sadleir, the present Provost, having resigned expressly in his favour. In 1843 he was chosen to fill the Chair of Natural Philosophy, in the place of the present Dr. Lloyd,-who by becoming a senior Fellow was incapacitated from continuing to hold it. It was in the delivery of the lectures in connexion with this professorship that M'Cullagh appeared to the best advantage,--for it was then that he used to display the extensive information, elaborate research, and vast acquired treasures of his highly cultivated mind; and it was

on these occasions that he most delighted to turn to account the noble faculty of inventive genius with which he was so eminently gifted, in improving by means of it every subject that he handled. There is no one who enjoyed the privilege of attending his lectures who will not bear testimony to the great elegance of all his original conceptions, both in analysis and geometry. Nor will it be denied by any who had the opportunity of judging, that, during the last three years of his Natural Philosophy professorship, his earnest endeavour was always to instil sound and accurate physical conceptions into the minds of his hearers,-and to array them, when stated in mathematical language, in all the charm arising from true taste and appropriate refinement.

In 1830 Professor M'Cullagh read his first paper on refracted light before the Royal Irish Academy; of which he was one of the most distinguished members, and which he contributed largely to place in the high position that it now holds among the learned societies of Europe. In 1838 the Conyngham Gold Medal of the Academy was awarded to him for his paper "On the Laws of Crystalline Reflexion and Refraction:" on which occasion the President (the present Sir William Hamilton), in handing the medal to him, said," Accept it as a mark of the interest and intellectual sympathy with which we regard your researches,-of the pleasure with which we have received the communications with which you have already favoured us,-and of our hope to be favoured with other communications hereafter. And when your genius shall have filled a wider sphere of fame than that which (though already recognised, and not here only) it has yet come to occupy, let this attest that minds were found which could appreciate and admire you early in your native country."*

In 1839 Prof. M'Cullagh laid the foun. dation of the very valuable and highly interesting Museum of Irish Antiquities now in Dublin, by presenting to the Royal Irish Academy the celebrated Cross of Cong. In making this donation, Prof. M'Cullagh stated, "that his motive for doing so was, by putting it in the possession of a public body, to save it from that shameful process of destruction to which everything venerable in Ireland has been exposed for centuries, and to contribute at the same time to the formation of a na

*Proc. R. I. Acad. vol. i p. 221,where the entire address of Sir W. Hamilton will be found.

tional collection, the want of which was regarded by Sir Walter Scott as a disgrace to a country so abounding in valuable remains." The munificent example of Prof. M'Cullagh acted most beneficially; for no sooner was it known than a subscription was set on foot to purchase for the embryo museum the two magnificent torques found thirty years ago at Tara. They had travelled to England and back again; and they narrowly escaped being sent out of the country a second time, and for ever. The timely subscription, however, proved successful; and the precious relics were secured for the Academy whose Museum they now adorn.

Prof. M'Cullagh afterwards assisted in enlarging the Museum by munificent subscriptions; and he had the pleasure of seeing it become an ornament to the metropolis long before his decease.

His contributions to the Transactions of the Irish Academy were not confined to scientific subjects, but embraced topics of general literature, and especially those connected with ancient Egyptian chronology.

In 1842, Prof. M'Cullagh received the Copley Medal from the council of the Royal Society for his vast investigations on the theory of light. This Medal, as our scientific readers are probably aware, is the highest honour in the gift of the Royal Society. Among the competitors for it in the above year were-Bessel, Dumas, and Murchison. On the occasion of presenting it, the Marquess of Northampton congratulated the scientific world on the discoveries of Prof. M'Cullagh,who by connecting the laws of reflexion at the surface of two medea with those which govern the propagation of light in the same medium, and by tracing the hypothetical principles upon which each theory was based up to some higher mechanical principle, attained the crowning point of the theory.

In 1843, Prof. M'Cullagh was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society: in which he ever manifested the warmest interest,never failing to attend its meetings when he happened to be in London.

In the summer of the present year he resolved, at great personal inconvenience, to make an effort to free the University with which he was so closely connected from what he always considered a disgrace, -namely, its being represented in Parliament by men not educated within its walls. He was influenced also by what he felt to be a public want,-that the interests of science and literature should be repre sented in the senate of the United Kingdom. He was unsuccessful; but his per

sonal bearing throughout the contest was such as to secure to him the admiration and goodwill of his opponents as well as of his friends. This remarkable contest was commenced and carried on by Prof. M'Cullagh without accepting the smallest amount of pecuniary assistance, although the latter was frequently and warmly prof

fered.

About the middle of September last, Prof. M'Cullagh recommenced his researches on light. For all cases, whether of propagation or of reflexion, ordinary or total, the whole theory as he has left it is analytically complete; but the geometrical interpretation in the general case of total reflexion at the surface of a crystal presents very great difficulties. Many of these his acute intellect had with great labour surmounted. He had been working hard at the subject for the last four weeks of his life,-and with so much success that he had actually commenced a new paper embodying the results of his latest investigations. The heading of this paper remains in his own handwriting. It is entitled "A Theory of the Total Reflexion of Light," by James M'Cullagh, Fellow of Trinity college, Dublin. Confinement and intense application gradually produced disease; which, as is well known, affected his mind, and led him to commit the fatal act that terminated his career.

At an inquest which was held on his body, the coroner said, that after the admirable testimony which had been given by Dr. Stokes, there could not be any doubt but that the deceased had committed suicide while labouring under melancholia produced by dyspepsia. The jury agreed in this opinion, and returned the following verdict :-" We find that Professor James M'Cullagh died of wounds inflicted upon himself while labouring under temporary insanity." His body was interred at Strabane, the place of his birth.

It is believed that some of his manuscripts on scientific subjects are in the possession of his family; but it was not his custom to preserve many written papers.

ALFRED HARDWICK, M.D.

Oct. 8. In Lower Phillimore-place, Kensington, aged 59, after a lingering illness of several months' duration, Alfred Hardwick, M.D.

Having been educated to the medical profession, he settled as a general practitioner at Epsom, where he continued to practise for several years with a high reputation and great success. He married a daughter of Captain Dundee, then residing at North Cheam. This happy alliance ended in Mrs. Hardwick's confine

ment, when he had the great, and at that time apparently irreparable, misfortune of losing both wife and child. This affliction was so keenly felt, that he was induced to relinquish practice; and to leave Epsom, in the hope that by foreign travel his highly sensitive mind might recover its tranquility, In this hope he made the tour of France and Italy, with parts of Germany, Belgium, and Holland. Returning for a short period, he resumed his peregrinations, and travelled through the same countries by different routes, thus bringing objects of interest in natural scenery, in history, and in the fine arts under his attention; which, by his previously cultivated and elegant mind, he was well qualified to appreciate and enjoy.

After this second continental tour, he went to Scotland, with the intention to graduate in medicine, taking his degree of M.D. at Glasgow, in 1832. For a time he fixed his residence in London, but without any view to medical practice: and, marrying a second time to Miss Charlotte Tatchell, of Paris, he finally took up his abode at Kensington, where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life, highly respected and beloved by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance, rendering essential services to the various parochial and local charities and institutions.

More than thirty years ago Dr. Hardwick assisted in the establishment of the Surrey Benevolent Medical Society; promoting to the utmost of his power the successful prosecution of its objects: and after he left practice, he attended the meetings whenever he possibly could.

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He was also a member of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. As one of the council he took an active part in the proceedings, whenever he could be present at the annual meetings and was one of the committee appointed to prepare a plan for schools for the sons of medical men, with the view to afford them a firstrate classical and liberal education, whether they might be intended for the medical or for any other profession, at a very moderate expense. To this subject Dr. Hardwick devoted much time and thought. The prospectus of this plan was issued by the committee; but, it not being duly responded to by the profession at that time, the scheme may be considered to be postponed for the present; but not, it is to be hoped, entirely abandoned.

When the subject of medical reform became a prominent feature in the profession, Dr. Hardwick took it up; and after due investigation, found himself compelled conscientiously and warmly to espouse the cause of the general practitioner, being of

opinion that the standard of education and of qualification should be high, so as to render the general practitioner fully competent to treat all the extraordinary, as well as the ordinary, emergencies of medical and surgical practice. Taking the prominent part he did, Dr. Hardwick was elected, first of all, one of the committee of the National Association; and since then, one of the council of the Institute of Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery, attending the sittings of that body with the greatest punctuality, until the state of his health rendered any further attendance at the meetings impossible. He saw and felt the great importance of the principles on which the institute is founded; their truth and their value to the great body of the profession, as also to the health and well-being of the public at large. He was, at the same time, equally assured that the incorporation of the general practitioners, by royal charter, as a measure preliminary to other and more extended medical reform, was most desirable-and among the last of his thoughts and wishes as respects this world's affairs, his prayers were in favour of the success of the institute. His urbanity of manners and elegant and accomplished mind rendered his social intercourse most gratifying to all who had opportunities of enjoying his company and conversation; and his co-operation in those public undertakings in which he took a part merited the esteem and gratitude of those of his friends who acted with him.

GEORGE B. WHITTAKER, Esa. Dec. 13. At his residence in UpperPhillimore-place, Kensington, aged 54, George Byrom Whittaker, esq. of Ave Maria Lane, bookseller and publisher.

He was born in March, 1793, at Southampton, where his father, a clergyman of the established church, was master of the grammar-school, and much esteemed for his learning and character; and also of considerable reputation as a teacher, being the author of several popular school-books.

On coming of age he became a partner with Mr. Charles Law in an extensive wholesale bookseller's business in Ave Maria-lane, which had been established by Mr. W. Bidwell Law, who died in 1798. This business Mr. Whittaker has, by his activity and capital, much increased. The translation and adaptation of "Cuvier's Animal Kingdom," in sixteen thick volumes in various sizes, and with nearly a thousand coloured engravings, is a specimen of the largeness of his undertakings, and the energy of his speculation. The engraving of the plates, and

the mere translation of this noble work, cost upwards of 7,0007. He had the honour of introducing several popular authors to public notice, and that after many of them had unsuccessfully applied to the then more noted publishers. Amongst them we believe we are correct in mentioning Mrs. Trollope, Mr. Colley Grattan, the Rev. George Croly, Miss Mitford, and there must be innumerable others, whose names do not present themselves to our recollection. He also published the last novel of Sir Walter Scott; and was the London publisher of all the early editions of the collected works of that illustrious author, as indeed he was of many other celebrated men, through the numerous provincial agencies which it was his successful aim to possess. If, however, amongst his multifarious publications any particular class must be specified, perhaps it was on the educational that he most relied; and in the highest and lowest of this department of learning he was equally distinguished; publishing, in conjunction with the Oxford and Cambridge booksellers, a long list of the classical writers from Porson and Elmsley's time down to Arnold's and Mitchell's. Of this portion of his business we are in a condition to know he was justly and honourably proud. In children's books he was equally successful, and perhaps no series ever had such a universal and continuous, and we will say deserved sale as the Pinnock series, which, though bearing that name, really derived their value from his judicious choice of numerous celebrated men, who, in re-editing, frequently may almost have been said to have re-written them. He was also one of the promoters of cheap literature in his Popular Library; and was the publisher of Mr. J. P. Collier's recent edition of Shakespeare.

His busy, and at one period extraordinary energetic career would embrace many curious passages connected with literary history, which can here only be alluded to briefly. The latter years of his life were not distinguished by the activity of his earlier, and the business he "raised and made," to use his favourite expression, became a large mercantile machine which the energy and capital of others helped to enlarge. In his private character he was kindly in disposition and accessible; and no publisher ever received a larger share of the confidence of literary men, many of his most important bargains resting entirely on a mutual word. The immediate cause of his death was the prevailing epidemic, but its effect would probably not have proved fatal had he not suffered from a bronchial disorder arising out of an at

tack of the same epidemic on its first appearance in this country.

When little more than thirty years of age, Mr. Whittaker served the office of Sheriff of London and Middlesex in the year 1824, with Sir Peter Laurie.

His body was deposited in the catacombs of Kensall Green Cemetery.

HEINRICH HEINE. Lately. At Paris, aged 50, Heinrich Heine, the German poet.

He was born at Düsseldorf, in 1797; studied at Bonn, Berlin, and Göttingen, with the view of embracing a legal career; and successively resided at Hamburgh (being related to the well-known opulent banker of that city), Berlin, and Munich, -removing to Paris some seventeen years ago. In this city he continued thenceforward principally to reside.

The list of Heine's writings is not a very long one. It comprises two plays, "Almansor" and "Radcliff," sundry political pamphlets and satires, views of French society, &c. &c., communicated to the "Allgemeine Zeitung," and "Sketches of German Literature of the Nineteenth Century," originally undertaken for the English Athenæenm," but the tone and temper of which precluded the possibility of their appearing in England. It is by his poems and "Reisebilder," however, that the name of Heine will live. With their grace, tenderness, and artless ease the English have already been made acquainted by the legion of translators. It was his misfortune to allow the appetite for raillery and satire to swallow up the exquisite observation and pure poetical taste with which these are so frequently combined. From the moment when he commenced the career of political controversialist, Heine would appear also to have begun that game of cross-purposes with life, in the playing of which genius too often takes a morbid or cynical pleasure,-certain, alas ! to lose. He connected himself with European liberalism-without having mastered the truth that such a profession of faith demands energy, uprightness, and self sacrifice to distinguish the apostle of Horty from the apologist of licence. In

Che gave up writing "Reise

and fairy tales for social and politeal entire, the taste for mockery spread. From laughing at "ereeds outworn," he took to laughing at every one's and at his own sincerity. In truth, flinging himself into the chaos of French society, he seemed sarcastically and triumphantly to rejoice in his expatriation. For many years the wit of Heine was the delight and ornament of certain Parisian circles. Latterly, how

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ever, he dropped out of sight of his companions-who made no extraordinary efforts to recover him. He became remarkable for personal neglect. His gaiety of spirit seemed to die out,-and the flame being gone, nothing but distasteful dregs in the socket remained. We fear that his last hours were very desolate.—(Athenæum.)

MR. ANDREW BROWN.

Dec. In Holford-square, Pentonville, of influenza, in his 75th year, Mr. Andrew Brown, formerly proprietor of "The Philadelphia Gazette."

His father, who was a native of the north of Ireland, was educated at Trinity college, Dublin. About the year 1773 he went to America as an officer in the British service, which he soon quitted and settled in Massachusetts. At the commencement of the revolutionary war he joined the American army, in which he soon rose to the rank of Major, and behaved with distinction in the early battles of the war-Lexington, Bunker's Hill, &c. He afterwards served under Generals Gates and Green, and commanded the garrison of Boston on the evacuation of that place by the British troops in March, 1776. At the close of the war he was, like many other brave men, thrown upon the world by the depreciation of the government paper money, and in 1788 he established, at Philadelphia, the "Federal Gazette," to which Dr. Franklin, Messrs. Hamilton, Adams, and most of the distinguished statesmen of America, were contributors, the present constitution of the United States being then the subject of warm discussion. Major Brown carried on his newspaper with great spirit. As one instance of his enterprise, it may be worthy of note that he employed the first regular reporter of debates in the Congress. The profits of his journal were great, and he was in the midst of prosperity, when, in the night of the 27th Jan. 1797, a fire broke out in his dwelling-house; and, in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue his family from the flames, he was so much injured that he survived only a few days. His wife and three children were, on the 28th, committed to a common grave.

Mr. Andrew Brown, then a very young man, was the only member of the family who escaped; he was absent from home proprietor of the newspaper (then called at the time of the calamity, and became "The Philadelphia Gazette"). He may be field of battle. When the English forces said to have been almost reared on the were in pursuit of their American foes, carts, waggons, and every available vehicle