Professor Ewald's History of the People of Israel (7 vols., 1843 sq.), written in the correct order of study previously to his work on Hebrew Doctrine, remains till now, with little doubt, the best work on the subject. Of course, progressing research has made, and is fast making, reconsideration of the History necessary. But no better work has been written to replace it. Ewald's peculiar character made the work a very interesting one. He was very constructive. As he approaches a chaos of material, as it were, works it over, and makes system and history spring up, he enchants the on-looker with the appearance of a very creation. This very constructiveness, again, gives ground for careful criticism; for it is apt to lead the builder beyond his facts.

Professor Ewald's Commentaries on the Old Testament (including his Poetical Books of the Old Testament, 2 vols., 1835 sq., and his Prophetical Books, 2 vols., 1840 sq.) — the natural substructure, again, for the history - would have done much good service, even if they had been mere guesses at theories; for such guesses generally rouse to investigation men whom the simple duty of careful, thorough preparation for induction would not have roused.

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His grammatical works, appearing in many editions, of course, the basis of all the rest, - have been of great value, especially as giving an impulse towards a new period of earnest investigation. But here a method which leaps to theory without induction must be superseded. It would make the whole superstructure untrustworthy. Another serious objection is, that the necessary preparatory investigation in Semitic philology has as yet been carried to a comparatively small extent. The facts for induction are, in great part, yet to be collected. To give a very plain sign of this, reference need only to be made to the state of the sister languages of the Hebrew. For example, only in 1837 was completed the first Arabic lexicon which made that language in any convenient sense accessible to the student. That was a very partial work. But since it appeared there has been prepared no other. Scholars in that fundamental branch of Semitic philology hesitate. Professor Wright's Grammar, which is very full in respect of forms, is not yet fully published. For Syriac there is simply no lexicon, save Michaelis's small Castellus of the last century; and those who make the language a specialty say it would be almost impossible to prepare one just now with anything like the value of our Greek and Latin lexicons. Syriac grammar is almost unwritten. We may here remark, by the way, that Uhlemann's work, in its second edition of 1857, has so many mistakes, and is so far behind even what could be said on the subject, that it is to be hoped the new translation, just published in America, has essentially remodelled and corrected the whole. We regret to be obliged to speak so uncertainly, as the translation has not yet reached us.

Very valuable works in Ethiopic, a lexicon and a grammar, have been

prepared by Professor Dillmann, at present of Berlin, a pupil of Ewald. Other members of the family are also in their childhood. Assyrian is hardly in its infancy. But of Hebrew itself we lack as yet a correct text of the Old Testament, before we can begin to pronounce with absolute certainty concerning its grammar. It scarcely need be said that our text lets us into the language through the liturgical pronunciation. Of course, we can do very, very much with this, but not all. At present, the emperor of Russia is publishing a photo-lithographed copy of the Old Testament Ms. possessed by Karaite Jews in Southern Russia, which has the so-called Assyrian-Babylonian punctuation, and may by comparison lighten up many points, as it already promises to do.

It may be of interest to mention that the use of for the fem. as well as the masc. is found in this Ms. in the prophets. It is well-known that in our common text this use of N is peculiar to the Pentateuch.

Patient search and careful statement of results may be made; but jumping at fancied perfect theory is wrong. No wonder that Ewald's grammatical views should be questioned. One of his scholars, and a great admirer of him, writes: "He recognized, often, with a diviner's insight and remarkable genius, what others afterwards proved to be true." But that is not a method we can trust.

Professor Ewald's confidence in the correctness of his own views was very strong, carrying him, often, too far. The gentleman quoted above says, "He deprived himself, by an unhealthy readiness to take offence at opposition, of much merited honor and influence."

His smaller publications have been very numerous, dealing with many parts of the whole Semitic and biblical field, as well as somewhat with political or ecclesiastical questions. The Zeitschrift für Die Kunde des Morgenländes (Periodical for Oriental Information) was published from 1837 to 1850 by a number of noted men, of whom Ewald was one, and was the forerunner of the now celebrated Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Periodical of the German Oriental Society). His reviews of books are almost numberless. Among the earlier of these are some very excellent essays. For ten years (1848-65) he conducted a theological review, in which almost every Article is by himself. In it are the odd and bold five letters to the pope and the Roman Catholic bishops.

While it may be remarkable that one man should have wrought ably in so many parts of the field, yet the attempt to publish on so wide a range of subjects ought not now to be made. Far more concentration is absolutely necessary, to secure exactness and to control the material now accessible. We need scarcely add that Professor Ewald's German was by no means classical. It causes well nigh as much trouble to Germans as to foreigners, and more vexation. Among the most noted of his pupils are Professors Bertheau of Göttingen, Hang of Munich, Nöldeke of Strasburg, Schrader of Jena (called to Berlin), Dillmann of Berlin.

The results of his work will be modified as they are used. The cloud brought over his life's close must be deeply regretted by strong friends of Prussia and by her opponents, and also by friends of Berlin, who object to some of her conduct. And yet Professor Ewald has been one of the most remarkable scholars of this century. His energy deserves our admiration. Finally, he was a most unselfish man. His defying the wrath of rulers who paid him his emoluments would suggest this, and the testimony of close critics to this quality is one of his highest honors.

ARTICLE X.

NOTICES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS,

A. GERMAN WORKS.

ACTS OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT. Acta genuina ss. oecumenici concilii Tridentini sub Paulo III., Julio III., et Pio IV., PP. MM. ab Angelo Massarello episcopo Thelesino ejusdem concilii secretario conscripta, nunc primum integra edita ab Aug. Theiner, presb. Accedunt acta ejusdem concilii sub Pio IV. a cardinale Gabr. Paleotto, archiepiscopo Bononiensi, digesta, secundis curis expolitiora. II tomi. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Hartel. 1874. 100 Mk.

This publication of the Acts of the Council of Trent from the official minutes of the Secretary, which, by the way, are not undoubtedly the most trustworthy sources, is reported by a lenient judge to be faulty, and to lack much that was to be desired.

SCHLEIERMACHER'S ADDRESSES ON RELIGION.-Schleiermacher's Reden über die Religion und ihre Nachwirkungen auf die evangelische Kirche Deutschlands. Von Professor Albrecht Ritschl, Dr. Theol., Göttingen. 8vo. pp. 111. Bonn: Marcus. 1874. 2 Mk.

The able author of this pamphlet will become better known to American students, we hope, ere long, by means of an Article written for the Bib liotheca Sacra on a work of his, by Mr. Priv. Doc. Besser of Halle. By his recently completed work in three volumes, on The Doctrine of Justification and Atonement, he has distinguished himself even more eminently than before, as a searching, scientific theologian, taking a place in the very foremost rank of historical and dogmatical writers, practically vindicating the importance of theological science in contrast both to the traditional and would be churchly school, and to the negative

school. We have already noticed the appearance also of a published address by Professor Ritschl on Christian Perfection, and hope to refer more fully to that and the Essay here noticed.

PROFESSOR KÖSTLIN'S BIOGRAPHY OF LUTHER. -Martin Luther. Von Professor Dr. Julius Köstlin. 2 vols. 8vo. pp. 811, 679. Elberfeld: Friderichs. 1875. 18 Mk.

A reviewer says: "Köstlin is himself quite conscious of one great excellence of his Biography of Luther. He writes: I feel, I must here say, that it seems to me quite as foolish to play the anxious apologist as the critical master of the great man (Preface p. vi).

LUTHER AT WORMS.-Luther's Rede in Worms am 18 April, 1521. Von Professor Julius Köstlin, Dr. Theol. 8vo. pp. 36. Halle: Buckhandlung d. Waisenhauses. 1874. 60 Pfennig. (Oslerprogramm der Universität Halle-Wittenberg).

Professor Köstlin, the author of the valuable Biography of Luther just published, examines here the question, whether Luther actually spoke the words, "Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise." The little treatise is published in the front of the Catalogue of Professors and Lectures in Halle for the summer semester, according to a German university custom of publishing the like as catalogue-preface.

THE EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE AND ITS GENERAL ASSEMBLY IN NEW YORK, 1873. Die Evangelische Allianz und ihre Generalversammlung in Neu-York, vom 2 bis 10 October, 1873. Skizzen und Erinherungen an die Reise nach und in Amerika. Von Dr. Edm. Spiess. Lic. Theol. 8vo. pp. 271. Jena: Dufft. 1874. 4 Mk.

Dr. Spiess has prepared a book which we should read in America. Faithful concerning the good things he saw, and faithful concerning some faults that would be seen, he tells the Germans at home that he now knows there are current, in the minds of otherwise learned and careful Germans, notions about America which are ridiculously wrong. We rejoice, for the Alliance is thus bearing some fruit. Germans see that there are good things outside of their own country, and that others may, perhaps, help them out of the sad plight into which their church affairs have fallen. Yet are we not to blame for the poor information which has hitherto gone to Germany? It is surely because we have little or no scientifically accurate and complete literature on our church history and condition that Hase's Handbook of Church History, recommended to German students above all others, is a farce in its American parts.

Dr. Spiess shared with others the wonder and joy over the great gatherings of people who listened to the religious discussions of the Alliance. He travelled widely, especially studying the condition of Germans in

America, and delivered an address on this point on his return, being well satisfied with the part evidently given up to Germans over the Atlantic, the part of the less movable, slower, but more steadfast element.

He saw evils, but makes little effort to parade before the public others than such as forced themselves on his consideration. On arriving in New York waters, the steamer had cases of small-pox on board. Gentlemen are described as calculating the cost of getting the health officer to let the passengers ashore at once, instead of sending them to quarantine. Whether a sum was paid or not, the immediate landing was effected. This suggests, if it does not necessarily teach, how very much work is yet laid on our churches if they are to leaven the whole civic mass with sound morality.

Dr. Spiess suffered evil from what seems very like a travelling showman's quality in the managers of the meeting to which he went with the expectation of delivering an address he had prepared by appointment. He seems to have spared no entreaties to be excused from being put up to talk on something else. Our practice should be different.

SCHWEIZER'S PASTORAL THEORY.- Pastoraltheorie oder die Lehre von der Seelsorge des evangelischen Pfarrers. Von Professor Dr. Alex. Schweizer. 8vo. pp. xvi, 292. Leipzig: Hirzel. 1874. 5 Mk. The great reformed theologian in Zürich has given a work on certain parts of pastoral theology. Germans rejoice over the gift, from the distinguished writer, of the material contained in the work, although they condemn the title as applied to such a partial work, and find faults in the division into, 1. Watchful Oversight as the Perceiving Spiritual Care (erkennende Seelsorge); 2. Direct Influence as the Treating Spiritual Care (behandelnde); 3. Influence of our Moral Life on the Members of the Parish as Pastoral Morals. The division is illogical. It suggests to us also the contents, which seem to leave untouched cultus and preaching, although Homiletics falls properly under the Pastoral Theory.

'THEOLOGY OF THE PROPHETS.

Die Theologie der Propheten als Grundlage für die innere Entwickelungsgeschichte der israelitischen Religion dargestellt von Lic. Bernh. Duhm, Privatdocent in Göttingen. 8vo. pp. 324. Bonn: Adolph Marcus. 1875. 5 Mk.

With scarcely time to look into the work (which is published as we write), we remark that we take exception to the title, for a reason elsewhere stated, but we welcome heartily a contribution of labor on a field hitherto almost unused, but rich in material for the theologian and, through him, for practical Christianity. Mr. Duhm is young, but ranks high as a theologian in the Old Testament department.

A Fifth Edition of the late Professor von TISCHENDORF'S SEPTUAGINT has just been published by Brockhaus, Leipzig. 1875. 12 Mk.