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A₁ A₂ actual Actuarial American Experience amount annual annuity applied assumed assumption attained age Balducci's Beers beneficiary benefits calculated calendar cash value census cent Claims coefficients Commerce Clause Committee Cong Congress consideration contract cost curve December 31 decision Deer Lodge County deficiency reserves degree of reproduction disability discussion dividends double indemnity earnings equations Expected Deaths exposed to risk exposure formulae expression federal funds given gross premiums income indicated Institute of Actuaries insurance business insurance companies interest rate interpolation formula interstate commerce involved issue least squares Mathematical ment merger method model office National Old-Age and Survivors operators order of differences osculatory formula osculatory interpolation paper payment pension period policyholders polynomial population practical present problem regulation reserve basis reserve strengthening result Section Sherman Act social insurance Social Security Society Spoerl Table tion United valuation