faced; Al Cahira, and, indeed, the whole of Egypt being called Mezré at this day. The Aurita were the Arabian shepherds, and their kings; who reigned here a considerable time, maintaining themselves by force; till, after many struggles, they were finally expelled by the natives. The original account of these people we have from Manetho; whose words I shall quote at large.

Πέρας δε και βασιλεα ένα εξ Σαλατις. Και όντος εν τη ανω και κατω χωραν δασ

28 Εγένετο βασιλεύς ήμιν, Τίμαος ονομα· επι τετε, εκ οιδ όπως, ὁ Θεος αντεπνευσεν, και παραδόξως εκ των προς ανα πολήν μερών, ανθρωποι το γένος ασημοι, καταθαρσησαντες επι την χώραν εσρατευσαν, και ῥᾳδίως αμαχητί ταύτην κατα κράτος είλον. Και τας ἡγεμονεύσαντας εν αυτή χειρωσαμενοι, το λοιπον τας τε πόλεις ώμως ενέπρησαν, και τα ἱερα των θεων κατεσκαψαν. Πασι δε τοις επιχωρίοις εχθρότατα πως έχρήσαντο, τας μεν σφάζοντες, των δε και τα τεκνα και γυναικας εις δέλειαν αγοντες. αυτών εποίησαν, ᾧ ονομα ην Μεμφίδι κατεγινετος, την Τε μολογών, και φρεραν εν τοις επιτηδειοτατοις καταλείπων του ποις μάλιςα δε και τα προς ανατολήν ησφαλίσατο μερη, προορώμενος, Ασσυρίων, τότε μείζον ισχυόντων, εσομένην επιθυμίαν της αυτης βασιλειας εφοδε. Εύρων δε εν νομῳ τῷ Σαΐτη πολιν επικαιροτάτην, κειμένην μεν προς ανατολήν το Βέβαςιτε ποταμε, καλεμένην δ' απο τινος αρχαίας θεολογίας Αναριν ταύτην εκτισεν τε, και τοις τείχεσιν οχυρωτα την εποίησεν, ενοίκισας αυτή και πλήθος οπλιτων εις εικοσι και

18 Joseph. Contra Apion. lib. 1. §. 14. edit. Havercamp.

τεσσαρας μυριάδας ανδρων προς φυλακην. Ενθαδε κατα θέρειαν ήρχετο, τα μεν σιτομέτρων και μισθοφορίαν παρεχομενος, τα δε και ταις εξοπλισιαις προς φοβον των εξωθεν επιμελώς γυμνάζων. Αρξας δ' εννεακαιδεκα ετη τον βιον ετελεύτησεν. Μετα τετον δε ἑτερος εβασίλευσεν τεσσαρα και τετίρακοντα έτη, καλέμενος Βηών. Μεθ' όν αλλος Απαχνας, ἓξ και τριακοντα έτη και μηνας ἑπτα. Επειτα δε και Απωφις έν και ἑξήκοντα, και Ιανιας πεντηκοντα και μηνα ένα. Επι πασι δε και Ασσις εννέα και τεσσαράκοντα και μηνας δυο. Και έτοι μεν ἐξ εν αυτοίς εγενήθησαν πρώτοι ἄρχοντες, πολεμεντες αει και ποθεντες μαλλον της Αιγύπτε εξαραι την ρίζαν. Εκαλείτο δε το συμπαν αυτών εθνος ΎΚΣΩΣ, τέτο δε εςι βασιλεις ποιμενες το γαρ ὙΚ καθ' ἱεραν γλωσσαν βασιλεα σημαίνει" το δε ΣΩΣ ποιμήν εσι και ποιμένες κατα την κοινην διαλεκτον, και έτω συντιθεμενον γίνεται ΥΚΣΩΣ. Τινες δε λεγεσιν αυτες Αραβας ειναι. “We had formerly a king named Timaus : in "whose reign, I know not why, but it pleased "God to visit us with a 29 blast of his displeasure: “ when, on a sudden, there came upon this country

a large body of obscure people from the east ; “ and with great boldness invaded the land, and “ took it without opposition. The chief of our “ people they reduced to their obedience; and " then in a most cruel manner set fire to their "towns, and overturned their temples. Their be

29 2 Kings. 19. v. 7. "Thus saith the Lord-Behold, I will send a blast upon him [Sennacherib]."

"haviour to the natives was very barbarous for

66 they slaughtered the men, and made slaves of "their wives and children. At length they con"stituted one of their body to be their king, "whose name was Salatis. He resided at Mem"phis; holding all the upper and the lower Egypt "tributary, and having his garrisons in every place "of consequence. He took particular care to secure every part to the east: as the Assyrians were then very powerful; and he foresaw that "they would one time or other make an attempt

upon his kingdom. And having observed a city,

"that lay particularly commodious in the nome of "Saïs; being situated to the east of the Bubastite "river; whose name was 30 Avaris (a name that "had some relation to the antient theology of the "nation) this city he built, and strengthened "with very strong walls; placing in it a garrison "of two hundred and forty thousand men. Hither "in summer he resorted; to receive the corn

30 Avagiv, vel (quod idem est) ACapir in libris omnibus. Havercamp's note at pag. 445. Avaris and Abaris are to be sure convertible, and likely to be put one for the other, according to the Grecian manner of writing. But, in this passage, they must be carefully distinguished; being different places, and not of the same etymology: as I shall hereafter shew. Avaris was in Delta, and was a city and province: Abaris stood without in Arabia, and seems to have been only a large town, See Additional Remarks.

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"which he exacted, and to pay his army: and at "the same time to make a shew of exercising and disciplining his troops, by way of terror to other "nations. This king, after having reigned nine"6 teen years, died: Beon succeeded him, who reigned forty-four years: then Apachnas, thirty"six years and seven months: after him Apophis,

sixty-one years: then Ianias fifty years and one "month: and, last of all, Assis forty-nine years " and two months. These six were the first of "their kings; who were always in a state of hos"tility with the natives; and were endeavouring, "if possible, to root out the very name of an Egyptian. The whole body of this people were "called Huksos, that is, Royal Shepherds. For "the first syllable, in the sacred dialect, signifies a king; as the latter, in the popular language, signifies a shepherd. These two compounded together constitute the word Huksos. These people are said to have been Arabians."

Josephus, having given us this extract from Manetho, dissents from him in the signification of the above name of the Shepherd Kings; and deduces it from an etymology more agreeable to his own "opinion. He then proceeds to inform us farther

31 He supposes it to signify a captive: which, however, is less applicable to the Israelites than the other title, in the room of which it is substituted.

from Manetho, that the Shepherds maintained themselves in Egypt five hundred and eleven years. At last the people of upper Egypt rose in opposition to them; and under Halisphragmuthosis defeated them; and having beleaguered them in their strong hold "Avaris, after some time expelled them the country: which was effected under the influence of Thummosis, or Tethmosis, as he is called in another place, the son of the former king: that, upon their departure, they were afraid of going towards Assyria; and therefore betook themselves to the country called afterwards Judea, and built Jerusalem.

After this, there occurs at some interval a piece of history relating to another set of people, who were sojourners in Egypt in the reign of Amenophis. These were in absolute subjection to the prince of the country, and treated by him as slaves; because they were infected with the leprosy. As they increased in numbers to a great amount, he employed them in the stone-quarries that were on the east side of the Nile, in company with some of the Egyptians. It is said of this prince, that he longed much to be admitted to the presence of the gods, as Orus, a former king, had been. But it was told him that his wish would never be accom

32 Κατακλεισθηναι δ' εις τοπον άρθρων έχοντα μυρίων την περίμετρον Avapiv ovoμa TW TOTTW. X. T. λ. Jos. contra Apion, lib. 1. §, 14.