3. With the pauses properly inserted.

We hold, you know, (and rightly too,) that all government is, or ought to be, made and managed for the benefit of the people.

And there will I nourish thee, (for yet there are five years of famine, lest thou, and thy household, and all that thou hast, come to poverty.

Know ye not, brethren, (for I speak to them that know the law,) how that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth? Should liberty continue to be abused in this country, as it has been for some time past, (and though demagogues may not admit, yet observing and sensible men will not deny that it has been,) the people will seek relief in a despotism, or in emigration.

The power of such characters in nature, says Mr. Whately, (from whom I am happy to borrow the following observations, not only from the beauty of their expression, but from their singular coincidence in the illustration of the fact I have been endeavoring to establish,) the power of such characters is not confined to the ideas which the objects themselves immediately suggest.

Let us hold fast the profession of our faith without wavering; (for he is faithful that promised;) and let us consider one another to provoke one another to love and good works.

Then went the Captain with the officers, and brought them without violence; (for they feared the people, lest they should have been stoned;) and when they had brought them, they set them

before the council.

I will therefore chastise him, and release him. (For of necessity, he must release one unto them at the feast.) And they cried out all at once, saying, Away with this man, and release unto us Barabbas; (who for a certain sedition made in the city, and for murder, was cast into prison.)

While they wish to please, (and why should they not wish it ?) they disdain dishonorable means.

Let the bishop be one that ruleth well his own house: having his children in subjection with all gravity: (for if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of God!) not a novice, lest being lifted up with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil.

The little room (was it not a little one?) at the Salutation was already in the way of becoming a fading idea.

I am so ill just at present, (an illness of my own procuring last night who is perfect ) that nothing but your very great kindness could make me write.

It was represented by an analogy, (oh, how inadequate!) which was borrowed from the religion of paganism.

She managed this matter so well, (oh, she was the most artful of women!) that my father's heart was gone, before I suspected it was in danger.

In short, my genius, (which is a short word now-a-days for what-a-great-man-am-I!) was absolutely stifled and overlaid with its own riches.

CHAPTER V.

EMPHASIS.

I SHALL speak of emphasis under two heads: first, the nature and different kinds of emphasis, and secondly, the effect.

SEC. I. THE NATURE OF EMPHASIS IN GENERAL; OR COMMON EMPHASIS.

1. Every word in a sentence in part declares, and in part implies three propositions: first, an affirmative; second, a negative, denying that affirmative; and third, another affirmative incompatible with the first.

Example.

By the faculty of a lively and picturesque imagination, a man in a dungeon is capable of entertaining himself with scenes and landscapes more beautiful than any that can be found in the whole compass of nature.

The definite article the, the second word in this sentence, is used by the author, as all will acknowledge, not only to designate a particular faculty to the exclusion of every other which forms a part of our constitution, but more especially to contradict a possible assertion or supposition, that there is more than one faculty with this particular function: an assertion or supposition which would be expressed, if a, each or every were substituted for the in the example. Such being the case, we have found two of the propositions above enumerated: the first is that which the declares: the second is that which the contradicts. Somebody says, has said, or may say, By a, each or every faculty of, &c.; but the author, to exclude

this, says, By the faculty of, &c. But these two propositions necessarily imply a third; namely, an intermediate denial of the first; for to oppose one assertion to another, is equivalent to asserting, not merely that the one is true, but also that the other is not. Introducing then the intermediate proposition, we obtain the entire series involved in the use of the definite article in the case before us, as follows:

By a faculty: not by a faculty, but by the faculty.

Take another example: the word faculty is applied to the imagination by the author, in opposition to theories which would make it a mere modification of some other faculty, or of the intellect in general. It has a furtive reference, therefore, to one or both of these ideas, and excludes them as false. Consequently we have here, as above, three propositions, thus:

By the modification, &c. : not by the modification, &c., but by the faculty.

Proceeding from word to word, in the same manner, to the conclusion of the sentence, we shall find the same number of propositions involved in each e. g.

By the faculty of memory: not of memory, but the imagination. Of a dull and common-place: not a dull and common-place, but a lively and picturesque.

A man anywhere: not anywhere, but in a dungeon.

As beautiful not as beautiful, but more beautiful.

Than some not some, but any.

That have been not that have been, but that can be.

In a province: not in a province, but in the whole compass of nature, &c. &c. &c. &c. &c.

2. The first of these propositions being that which the second denies, and the third contradicts, I term the relative idea of the series the second, the negative: the third, the contradictory.

3. Most of the words in a sentence, being employed to convey received ideas, that is, ideas common both to the writer and reader, speaker and hearer, no necessity exists for indicating the exclusion of their relatives, either by for mallyintroducing the series of propositions involved, or by any other means.

This, however, is not true of all: in every sentence, one or more are intended to convey ideas, differing from those entertained by the reader or hearer; or supposed to be different; or different from those of third parties referred to: in a word, they are intended to convey, not merely particular ideas, but particular ideas in opposition to other ideas.

In this case, the exclusion of these other ideas must be shown by the process before neglected; or by some associated and received sign of that process; that is, either by formally introducing the series of propositions in every such instance, or by some other expedient, natural or conventional, which shall infallibly suggest

them.

But to introduce the series of propositions in every such instance, would render discourse prolix and wearisome: hence, it is seldom done except in dialogue; where these consequences are shunned, or at least mitigated, by distributing the propositions among the different speakers. In continuous and sustained prose or poetry, the exclusion of the relative ideas is indicated by an unusual pressure of the voice alone, on the negative, or contradictory, or both, as the one, or the other, or both, happen to be expressed: a pressure, always associated with the series when expressed, and therefore the better fitted to suggest the series, when omitted.

4. This pressure of the voice is emphasis, which may therefore be defined, a significant stress laid on a word to mark the exclusion of its relative idea or ideas, expressed or understood.

It follows that such a thing as absolute emphasis, that is, emphasis without relation, a kind of emphasis for which Dr. Porter (see his Analysis of Rhetorical Delivery) contends at some length, is unknown to the English language. It will be seen that I have appropriated his examples below, (see No. 5 and 6,) as excellent illustrations of relative emphasis in its most common phase.

5. The series of propositions, involved, as we have seen, in every word of a sentence, and distinctly brought into view by emphasis, is, as I have already implied, often complete. More generally, however, one or two of the propositions are understood. I subjoin a number of examples sufficient to illustrate usage in this respect.

1. An Example of the whole Series.

He is the propitiation for our sins [only ;] not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world. (See 2 Tim. iv. 8.)

2. Of the first and second alone.

What would content you! Talent? No. Enterprise? No. Courage? No. Reputation? No. Virtue? No. The men whom you would select, should possess, not one, but all of these.

Talent, enterprise, courage, reputation, virtue, are respectively the relative ideas of each succeeding no, or negative proposition, and a common contradictory understood; the exact nature of which may be inferred from the conclusion of the sentence. Converting then the interrogative into declarative sentences, expanding no into

its equivalent, and supplying the contradictory, we have the series of propositions as follows:

Talent would content you: not talent alone, but something more. Enterprise would content you: not enterprise alone, but something more.

Courage would content you: not courage alone, but something

more.

Reputation would content you: not reputation alone, but something more.

Virtue would content you: not virtue alone, but something more. The men whom you would select, should possess, not one, but all of these.

Or, if it please, thus:

Talent? No, but something more. Enterprise? No, but something more. Courage? No, but something more. Reputation? No, but something more. Virtue? No, but something more. The men whom you would, &c.

3. Of the first and third alone.

Pilate therefore willing to release Jesus, spake again to them. But they cried, saying, Crucify him: crucify him.

Pet. Good Lord, how bright and goodly shines the moon!
Kath. The moon! the sun: it is not moonlight now.

Pet. I say it is the moon that shines so bright.
Kath. I know it is the sun that shines so bright.

In both of these examples, the negative proposition is understood, and, to complete the series, must be supplied: if supplied, the series in the first will run thus:

Pilate was willing to release Jesus: do not release, but crucify him.

In the second, thus:

It is the moon

it is not the moon; it is the sun.

It is the sun it is not the sun; it is the moon.

I wish the student to observe here the distribution of the propositions among different speak. ers in dialogue as hinted above.

4. Of the second alone.

Are you desirous that your talents and abilities may procure you esteem? Display them not ostentatiously to view.

The pleasures of the imagination are not so gross as those of sense, nor so refined as those of the understanding.

The relatives and contradictories, involved in these negatives,