be severely felt. The competition of the Continental manufactures is also assuming a menacing attitude. They are fast coming into rivalry with ours in their own markets. These symptoms of approaching danger should not be passed by unheeded. Every dark cloud, it is said, has its silver lining; and great as the storm may be which is now gathering round our cotton manufacture, we believe it to be strong enough to pass triumphantly through it; and though it may be temporarily shaken, we do not apprehend that it will receive any permanent injury.

BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW, January, 1861.-1. The New Move in Oxford. 2. French Fiction-Its Better Aspects. 3. Abortive Legislation. 4. Coventry Patmore-Faithful Forever. 5. Chinese Characteristics. 6. Autobiography of Alexander Carlyle. 7. On the Origin of Life. 8. London in the Middle Ages.

The article on the Essays and Reviews, (which have been republished in this country under the title of Recent Inquiries in Theology, as noticed in our last number,) filling nearly eighty pages, and forming almost an elaborate treatise, is attributed to Isaac Taylor. It is able; but we should not have recognized his peculiar style. A very extensive volume, indeed, it would take thoroughly to refute all the minutiae of skeptical objection, new and old, huddled into that conglomerate work. A cavil can be uttered in a line, which has again and again been repeated, which requires pages to refute. The writer of the present article is master of the varied field ranged by the essayists. His passage on Geology and Scripture, founded on Dr. Dawson's work, recently commended in our Book-table, brings into brief compass as satisfactory a view as we have seen.

BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE, February, 1861.-1. School and College Life: its Romance and Reality. 2. Carthage and its Remains. 3. Spontaneous Generation. 4. The Transatlantic Telegraph-Iceland Route. 5. Norman Sinclair: An Autobiography. 6. Biographia Dramatica. 7. Judicial Puzzles-Eliza Fenning. 8. The Foreign Secretary.- -March.-1. The Indian Civil Service; its Rise and Fall. 2. The Physical Geography of the Sea. 3. Lee's History of the Church of Scotland. 4. Iron-Clad Ships of War, and our Defenses. 5. Norman Sinclair: An Autobiography. 6. Recent Natural History Books. 7. Wilson's German Campaign of 1812. 8. The China War of 1860. -April.-1. Spontaneous Combustion. 2. Italy: By Mark Monnier. 3. Americanisms. 4. Life in Central Africa. 5. The World of Weimar. 6. Norman Sinclair: An Autobiography. 7. General Patrick Gordon, the Russian Scot. 8. The Punjab in 1857.-May.-1. The Ministry and the Budget. 2. Mrs. Beauchamp's Vengeance. 3. Motley's History of the Netherlands. 4. The Euthanasia of the Ottoman Empire. 5. The Executor. 6. The Origin of Species-A New Song. 7. Life of the Right Hon. William Pitt, by Earl Stanhope.

The article on Spontaneous Generation traces the history of opinions on the subject, and analyzes the latest investigations. The ancient philosophers and the earlier Christian naturalists inferred

the doctrine of spontaneous generation from a superficial observation of obvious facts, and were unaware of any atheistic consequences deducible. Worms and insects appear so palpably to spring from putrifying substances that all casual observers would accept the appearance as fact. Redi, an eminent naturalist of Florence, instituted thorough investigations, and established the conviction in the scientific world that all animals are the product of parental generation. Yet ingenious men are still engaged in experiments upon the subject. M. Pouchet, a French savan, is a special advocate of the doctrine of spontaneous generation. The present article analyzes his experiments and arguments, and finds them unreliable. M. Pouchet is charged with prepossession, with careless experimentation, and with treating rebellious facts in a summary way. The verdict of science thus far, in regard to spontaneous regeneration, is pronounced to be "not proved and improbable."

The doctrine is fairly driven from every post but one. There are in the bodies of men and animals immense numbers of parasites, of infinitesimal magnitude, for whose origin it is very difficult to

account.

The parasites are quite distinct in organization from all animals living elsewhere. They not only constitute a peculiar fauna, but many of them are peculiar to certain animals, and even to certain organs. In the brain there are forms never found in the intestine; in the liver there are forms never found in the muscles; in the muscles there are forms never found in the blood. Nor is this all. How they got from without into some of the places where they have been detected is quite inexplicable. They have been found in closed sacs, such as the chambers of the eye. They are found in the embryo while in the womb. This last fact has been doubted, but it has been frequently witnessed by very competent observers. We have ourselves found parasites in the foetal kitten, and in the eye of a newborn kitten they will generally be found. Nay, Dr. Burnett, of America, states that he has found vegetal parasites even in the human ovum; they belonged to a species of conferva, similar to yeast, one four-thousandth of an inch in diameter. It is remarked by Allan Thomson, in his enumeration of the corroborative facts, that 'animals living in the same situations and feeding on the same substances have different kinds of entozoa, parasites. The ova of some of the entozoa, as for example those of the common worm, are so large that they could not pass through the largest of the capillary blood-vessels; the ova are so heavy that they could not be transmitted through the atmosphere; and the supposition of the passage of the ova from the parent to the offspring is opposed by the mechanical difficulty of the transmission, as well as by the facts that parent and child are not always affected with the same kinds of worms, and that, though the complaint of worms may be said to run in families, yet many escape, and one or more generations in the hereditary succession are frequently exempt from it.

The reviewer admits that with regard to this particular class of animals the difficulties are not yet fully solved.

Atheism does not seem to be any legitimate result of the doctrine of spontaneous generation. But without its admission, it seems difficult to see how Darwin's or Lamark's development, or

selective growth from a primary germ, are to get a start. That primal germ must possess organic life, and it must come into existence either by spontaneity or by miracle. Such a miracle would not be as imposing to the senses, but it would be as real as if an aggregation of matter should organize itself into the form of a human body and commence the functions of life and thought. And it is curious to note that the spontaneous generation of parasites would not help Mr. Darwin; for they presuppose the antecedent existence of highly organized living beings.

EDINBURGH REVIEW, April, 1861.-1. Dixon's Personal History of Lord Bacon. 2. The Republic of Andorre. 3. Political Diaries. 4. Eton College. 5. Remains of Alexis de Tocqueville. 6. Essays and Reviews. 7. Autobiography and Letters of Mrs. Piozzi. 8. The Fables of Babrius. 9. Forbes's Iceland. 10. Election of President Lincoln and its Consequences.

The writer of the tenth article coolly takes it for settled that a permanent severance of the American Union has arrived. "Even the most sanguine Federalists," he says, "scarcely venture to say more than that they hope for a reconstruction of the Union on a new basis, after a temporary separation of its component parts." This view of the matter arises from the fact that he wrote at a moment previous to the uprising of the Free States at the call of the President to an assertion in arms of the unity of the nation. The reviewer displays neither great breadth nor depth of view. He nevertheless appreciates the full magnitude of the apparent event, and entertains very cheerful views of the consequences of the separation both to America and the world. The following are his opening periods :

There are at present four countries which stand at the head of the civilized world, and whose influence principally determines the march of modern civilization. Those four countries are France, Germany, England, and the United States. Russia, though a powerful military state, with an enormous territory, is still semi-oriental in its character. It has no science or literature, and little foreign trade; its language ranks among the barbarous dialects which no stranger voluntarily learns; its influence, which is chiefly of a coercive and deadening nature, is confined to its own population. The emancipation of the serfs-a great measure, now, we may hope, accomplished by the firmness and sincerity of the Emperor-may, in its consequences, alter the position of Russia with respect to the civilized world. Holland, Belgium, Switzerlaud, and the Scandinavian kingdoms, though they contain an enlightened and intelligent population, do not fill an important place in European progress; they contribute to it, however, by desultory and unconnected efforts. Italy and Spain, the head-quarters of that form of religion which, looking at its political and intellectual effects, we may denominate Mohammedan Christianity, have, under its paralyzing influence, lost the position which they formerly occupied in Europe. Their importance, both literary and political, has ceased; they are interesting chiefly from their historical associations. To use a modern metaphor, they are shunted into the sidings of civilization, while the express trains of more vigorous natious sweep by, and pass them unregarded. Spain, indeed, has begun lately to develop some material wealth; and we hope that the Italian

revolution-not having been conducted hitherto in a revolutionary spirit-may, through the wisdom and moderation of its leaders, be destined to combine Italy into one kingdom, to avert foreign interference, and thus to consolidate an independent native government, which will give free scope to the inherent, but suspended powers of Italian genius. With regard to the kingdom of Greece, whatever may be its future destinies, its emancipation from the barbarizing effects of a longcontinued Turkish dominion is too recent to admit of its holding any prominent place in European civilization for the present.

Such being the nations which hold the primacy of the civilized world, anything which shakes the United States to its center, and which threatens to change its internal policy and its relations with foreign governments, is an event of first-rate importance.

His view of the prospects beyond disunion is thus expressed:

We will only, in conclusion, express our opinion that the maintenance of the Union in perpetuity is impossible; and that the entire region from Niagara to Mexico, and from New York to California, cannot continue for many years to be governed by a single Federal Government. Dissolution, to some extent, and at no distant period, is, we believe, the 'manifest destiny' of the United States. Whenever this dissolution takes place, international law will regulate the relations of the new confederacies upon recognized principles; there will be, as in the Old World, conflicts of interests, mutual compromises, and a balance of power, but the superior energy, intelligence, and wealth of the Northern States must, as we think, cause their influence to preponderate, and thus will enable them to occupy all the temperate regions of North America, with a population cultivating the soil by means of free labor, and renouncing the institution of slavery. We cannot concur in the opinion of those who have expressed unmingled regret at the apparent dissolution of the Union. No doubt the comparative failure of so great an experiment in the progress of mankind is to be deplored; but we are by no means convinced that the progress of mankind and of rational liberty will not be advanced by this separation. Nothing could be more deplorable than a sanguinary contest between the two great sections of the American people; but we are convinced, for numerous reasons, that such a contest, if it takes place at all, will be of very short duration. On the other hand, we confidently believe that the perils of the commonwealth will call a higher class of men to the direction of public affairs, and that the fate of millions of freemen will not long be abandoned to the corrupt and incapable agencies which have lately governed it. The severance of the Union into two parts will beget in both of them a stronger sense of the obligations of international law, and a greater respect for their neighbors. The South will follow the broad path of commercial freedom uncontrolled by Northern protectionists. The North will follow the higher track of social freedom unfettered by Southern slaveholders. To each division of the Union a vast career of power, prosperity, and usefulness remains open; and if they have the good sense to abstain from mutual aggression, each of these two great countries may continue to play as important a part in the affairs of the world as when they were united by the slender tie of a Federal compact.

French Reviews.

REVUE DES DEUX MONDES, Février 15, 1861.-1. La Comtesse d'Albany.— III.—L'Amie d'Alfieri et la Société Européenne. 2. Hegel et l'Hégélianisme d'Après les Derniers Travaux Publiés en Allemagne. 3. La Nationalité Bretonne dans l'Unité Française. 4. La Télégraphie Eléctrique en France. De la Réforme du Service Eléctrique et de l'Abaissement des Tarifs. 5. Les Voyageurs en Orient.-VII.-De la Situation des Chrétiens en Turquie d'Après une Enquête du Gouvernement Anglais, première partie. 6. Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme.-Unité de l'Espèce Humaine.-V.-Origine des Variétés et Formation des Races dans les Etres Organisés. 7. Des Origines de la Gravure.-L'Archéologie et la

Critique dans l'Art. —Mars 1.—1. Trois Ministres de l'Empire Romain sous les Fils de Théodose.-II.-L'Eunuque Eutrope, première partie. 2. Philosophie Anglaise Contemporaine.-John Stuart Mill et son Système de Logique. 3. Statistique Morale.-Le Salaire et le Travail des Femmes.-IV.-L'Assistance et les Institutions de Prévoyance, dernière partie. 4. El Cachupin, Scènes et Récit de la Louisiane. 5. Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme.-Unité de l'Espèce Humaine.—VI.—Du Croisement dans les Etres Organisés. 6. La Nemesis Divina, Manuscrit Inédit de Linné. 7. La Question du Coton en Angleterre Depuis la Crise Américaine. 8. Portraits Poétiques.-Maurice de Guérin Mars 15.1. Valvèdre, première partie. 2. L'Atelier de Phidias, Etude Tirée de l'Antique. 3. L'Expédition de Garibaldi dans les Deux-Siciles, Souvenirs et Impressions Personnelles.—I.—La Sicile. 4. L'Agitation Allemande et le Danemark. 5. De l'Exploitation de la Propriété Foncière et de la Vie Rurale en France. 6. Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme.Unité de l'Espèce Humaine.-VII.-Les Theories Polygénistes, le Croisement des Groupes Humains. 7. Les Shikarees, Chasses dans l'Inde. 8. Poésie. Le Rêve d'une Reine d'Asie.—Avril 1.-1. Valvèdre, seconde partie. 2. La Californie en 1860, ses Progrès et sa Transformation. 3. L'Expédition de Garibaldi dans les Deux-Siciles, Souvenirs et Impressions Personnelles.-II.-Les Calibres. 4. Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme.-Unité de l'Espèce Humaine.-VIII.-Les Théories Polygénistes et M. Agassiz, dernière partie. 5. La Politique du Libre Echange.-I.—Transformation Economique de l'Angleterre. 6. Les Souffrances d'un Penseur Italien.-Leopardi et sa Correspondance. 7. Les Voyageurs en Orient.-VIII.-des Turcs et de la Condition des Chrétiens en Turquie d'Après une Enquête Confidentielle du Gouvernment Anglais. Avril 15.-1. Les Peintres Flamands et Hollandais en Flandre et en Hollande.-Rembrandt et Van Der Helst, les Hollandais. 2. L'Outrage du 4 Janvier, 1642, Histoire d'un Coup d'Etat Avorté, d'Après des Documens Nouveaux. 3. Valvèdre, troisième partie. 4. Le Mormonisme et les Etats-Unis. 5. L'Expédition de Garibaldi dans les Deux-Siciles, Souvenirs et Impressions Personnelles.-III.-Cosenza et la Basilicate. 6. La Russie dans le Caucase.-II.-Les Peuples Montagnards. 7. L'Echelle Mobile Devant le Corps Législatif. 8. La Littérature Nouvelle.-Des Caractères du Nouveau Roman.

ART. XII.QUARTERLY BOOK-TABLE.

Religion, Theology, and Biblical Literature.

author

Human Destiny. A Critique on Universalism. By C. F. HUDSON, of "Debt and Grace as related to the Doctrine of a Future Life." 12mo., pp. 147. Boston and Cambridge: James Munroe & Co. 1861. The annihilation theory having been accused of affinity with Universalism, Mr. Hudson publishes the present volume to show the existing antagonism of the two. He claims that in the contest with Universalism he has "the advantage of position," not being obliged "to maintain the doctrine of eternal woe."

His argument is divided into Five Parts. In the first he shows