sures into submission to the political doctrines of the papal court, and in particular into an abandonment of the nation's favorite idea, now at length realized, of an Italian union. The death of Count Cavour has greatly strengthen ment of a Bible and tract depot. At Bologna, Professor Mazzarella has opened his lectures at the University amid much applause. At Naples the prospects are so bright that it is now regarded as the most hopeful of all Italian stations. Gavazzi has once more returned to En-ed the patriotic and anti-papal sentigland to raise funds for the establishment of Protestant institutions at Naples. At Genoa a new periodical has been started, which bids fair to be carried on with no little literary power united to sound evangelical views. So far as the protection of civil right is concerned the Protestants have a powerful ally in the Mazzinian or Republican party. The organs of this party plead unanimously the absolute liberty of religious belief, and though they may feel little sympathy with the doctrines of evangelical Protestantism they show no hostility to it. They, on the contrary, agree with it in extolling the sublimity of the Bible, and demanding the overthrow of the spiritual power of the papacy no less than the secular. The editor of the Gazetta del Popolo, the Mazzinian paper at Turin, has written a dramatic piece, "I Valdesi," (The Waldensians,) altogether favorable to the Protestants, which, at Leghorn, has been selected for a theatrical representation, and rapturously applauded by a crowded house. The number of Protestant ministers in Italy has been increased by new arrivals from England and America. The Wesleyans of England have sent out Mr. Green, who will first acquire the language, and afterward devote his life to missionary labor among the natives. It is expected that he will be followed by three other missionaries from the same Church. A Protestant exile, Signor Bolognini, who after having fled from Austrian tyranny has been employed for a while in the Protestant college at Malta, and afterward as a newspaper editor at Alexandria in Egypt, has recently returned to his native country. From America, Rev. Mr. Hall, formerly American chaplain at Rome, has been sent out by the American and Foreign Christian Union, with a view of opening another service in English at Florence, and of undertaking evangelistic work. ments of the Italians. Until his last moment he has, without wavering, professed the views to whose progress and final victory his whole life has been devoted. At first the Roman Catholic papers busily spread the rumor-as on similar occasions they have often done before-that Count Cavour on his deathbed fully reconciled himself with the Church; that he summoned a confessor to him before the physicians had judged that his death was near; that he received the holy viaticum with great devotion; and that the Pope, greatly edified at this deathbed conversion, offered public prayers for the eternal repose of the illustrious opponent of the papal claim. But as the reports of the eyewitnesses and nearest relatives of Cavour were published, the organs of ultramontanism found it necessary to rectify their first accounts, and the official Journal of Rome spoke once more of the career of the deceased statesman with the same virulence with which it had attacked him during his life. It is true that a priest was present at the deathbed of Cavour; but it was one who fully approved of his policy, and who therefore after the death of Cavour was summoned to Rome and visited with ecclesiastical censures. The indignation of the Italian people at the proceedings of the Roman hierarchy has received new fuel by these events, and the latter cannot fail to see that her influence on Italy is rapidly waning. The new Prime Minister of Italy, Baron Ricasoli, advocates the introduction of religious liberty with even more ardor than Cavour; and in what direction Garibaldi uses his great influence on the Italian people may be best seen by the following resolution, submitted by him for the consideration of the Unitary Italian Society of Palermo, which had elected him president: "Considering that Christ, by consecrating upon earth equality among men and nations, has deserved gratitude and love, we belong to the religion of Christ; considering that the Pope, the cardinals, the sanfedists, all the mercenaries of Italy, and the spies assembled at Rome are the chief obstacles to the unification of Italy by their provoking and foment-taining from the Spanish government an ing civil war, we do not belong to the indemnification of £1,500 as a settlement religion of the Pope. In consequence of of the claims on account of their expulthe above considerations, Resolved, That sion from the Spanish island, Fernando the Pope, the cardinals, etc., shall shut Po, in 1858. up shop at once, and betake themselves to some country as far away as possible from Italy; thus allowing this unfortunate Italian nation, which they have been torturing for ages, to constitute itself definitively." Of still greater significance is the spirit of independence which begins to spread among the clergy of Italy. Notwithstanding the prohibition of the Pope and nearly all the bishops, a considerable number of the lower clergy took part this year in the great national festa on the first Sunday in June, which, according to a law of the Italian Parliament, is annually to commemorate the union of all races in Italy in one kingdom. The chapter of the cathedral of Milan unanimously accepted the invitation of the municipal authorities, and had High Mass with Te Deum and Ambrosian hymn celebrated in the Duomo. SPAIN. PROTESTANTISM.-Sir Robert Peel deserves the thanks of the entire Protestant world for his noble and indefatigable endeavors to arouse in England sympathy with the persecuted and imprisoned Protestants of Spain. It appears from trustworthy information that no less than thirty-four persons have been subjected to imprisonment under no other charge than that of professing Protestant doctrines, and that twelve of them still remain in durance. For every one of these poor prisoners there are thousands upon thousands of inquirers, and there is ample reason to believe that toleration would be followed by the adhesion of large numbers to Protestantism. At one of the meetings held in England to express sympathy with the fate of the prisoners, Gavazzi pointed to Italy in the time of the Madiai, England's interference then, and Italy's altered position now, as an example of the course which should be followed with regard to Spain. He called on England to rise to her position, and bore strong testimony to the effect of her moral support on the nations of Europe. It is not known whether and how far the English ministry have thought it fit to intercede in behalf of the Spanish Protestants. They have succeeded, however, in ob TURKEY. THE GREEK CHURCH.-The progress of the Bulgarian movement still awakens great interest throughout the Christian Roman Catholics have been equally disworld. The excessive hopes of the appointed. After having taken a Bulgarian priest to Rome and having him consecrated by the Pope himself first bishop of the United Bulgarias, Abbé Boré and the other heads of the Roman Catholic missions at Constantinople exrapidly over to the union, especially bepected the bulk of the nation to come refuse the wish of the Bulgarians for the cause the Greek patriarch continued to introduction of their native language into their churches and schools. But not only has the expected increase not taken place, but Monsignore Sokolski, the new bishop, has himself turned his back on the new movement, and, after tinople for Russia and returned to the excommunicating Boré, has left ConstanGreek Church. At the same time the journal Bulgaria, which was edited by one of the united Bulgarians, and had worked hard for the cause of the union, has been discontinued for want of subscribers and readers. If we may believe the last accounts of the Roman Cathfragments of the united Church. One olic papers, it is still hoped to save some garian community met immediately after of their organs says: "The new Bulagainst the treason of its pastor. It has the defection of the bishop to protest made a new act of adhesion to the Pope, and has resolved on immediately asking for another bishop." The jubilant accounts of the Roman Catholic press in America and Europe have turned out to be mere inventions. In the meanwhile the split between the Bulgarian Churches and the paThe Turkish government, for a time, triarch of Constantinople continues. seemed to yield to the representations made by and in favor of the Bulgarians. held in Constantinople to consider and A national assembly was ordered to be make known the wishes of the people. But, unfortunately, Greek gold and intrigue again turned the scale. The convention was threatened with punishment and frightened into resignation. In one day the whole body of them resigned, leaving the bishops and the people to fight their own battles. The Turkish government were prevailed upon to execute the sentence of exile pronounced by him against the Bulgarian bishops. The Archbishop of Philippopolis was seized in his house by night by a company of Turkish soldiers. Some time later the two Bulgarian bishops of Constantinople had to go into exile to Asia Minor, where they were treated, however, by the Turkish authorities with great respect. Notwithstanding this forcible measure, the people generally remain firm in their desire and demand for ecclesiastical independence of the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the last accounts from their churches say that every month's delay makes them more prepared to adopt the simple forms of Protestantism. The head teacher of the Bulgarian school in Philippopolis has commenced a preaching service in his school-house on the Sabbath. While the Bulgarian movement seemed yet to favor the sanguine expectations of the Roman Catholics, their organs announced the beginning of a similar movement in the Herzegovina, which, as they represented, was likely to result in the union of the entire Greek Church of that province with Rome. Since the explosion of the Bulgarian Union scheme no further accounts have been received from its offshoot in the Herzegovina. ART. IX.-FOREIGN LITERARY INTELLIGENCE. ENGLAND. have appeared: History of the Develop ment of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ. By Dr. J. A. Dorner, Professor of Theology in the University of Gottingen. Vol. 1, pp. 460. Translated by Rev. Dr. W. Simon. Theological and Homilet M'Millan has issued a Commentary on the Book of Genesis, for the use of the readers of the English version, by Henry Charles Groves. This work is intended as an antidote to the scepticism so industriously propogated at the presentical Commentary on the Gospel of Matday in regard to the Mosaic authorship, the unity, the historical truth and the divine authority of the first of the Old Testament books. It is pronounced by the Journal of Sacred Literature "one of the best expositions of Genesis in our language, if not the very best." The first volume of Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, by Dr. Walter Farquhar Hook, extending through the Anglo-Saxon period, is published by Bentley. It unfolds details of remarkable interest, showing that the historical remains of the "dark ages" prove the existence in early ages of intelligence, learning, and refinement. The professor of Modern History in King's College, London, Charles H. Pearson, M. A., has published The Early and Middle Ages of England. He has, as he says, "condensed the history of twelve hundred years in a single volume, with a view to the large class who want time and inclination to peruse English History as an exclusive study." Two new and valuable additions to “Clarke's Foreign Theological Library" thew, specially designed for the use of Ministers and Students. From the German of J. P. Lange, Professor of Divinity in the University of Bonn. By Rev. Alfred Eldersheim, Ph. D. Vol. 1, pp. 466. The Works of Thomas Goodwin, some time president of Magdalen College, vol. 1, is the first instalment of the enterprise for publishing "Nicholls's Series of Standard Divines, Puritan Period." The terms of these publications are thus stated: "Six volumes demy 8vo., bound in the most durable manner, and in a style which will obviate the necessity of rebinding, shall be supplied for 21s. per annum. The volumes will average from 500 to 600 pages each, according to the number of subscribers obtained. The demand for the series will thus determine the minimum or maximum size of the volumes. The different works will be distinguished by variety in the color of cover, or style of ornamentation, to avoid the unpleasing effect of a large number of volumes in the library bound in one uniform pattern." Intuitionalism, by B. Frankland, B. A. This work is designed to expose the illogical and dangerous consequences of Mr. Morell's Intuitionalistic views as developed in matters philosophical and religious. Though inartistic in form, it is said to exhibit acuteness, patient thought, and effective argument. We give from the London Review a few points and consequences of this Intuitionalism: "The Intuitionalist may be easily recognized from his outfit. This, according to the newest fashion, is something as follows: "First. He has a firm persuasion of having succeeded in establishing, to his own satisfaction, an essential distinction between his 'logical' and his 'intuitional consciousness.' "Second. He assumes that intuitional truth, that is, truth intuitively perceived, is identical with higher or spiritual truth.' "Third. He assumes that all higher or spiritnal truth' is seen by the intuitional eye directly, just as extended objects are seen in their sensible qualities, and in their truthful relations to each other, by the bodily eye. "Fourth. He assumes that thus to see 'higher or spiritual' truth is to bring the observer at once, and as a matter of course, into moral harmony with it. "And lastly. He has arrived at a belief in the 'essential divinity' of human nature. "Many other assumptions are made, and other positions maintained, according to taste and convenience, and with more or less show of research and argument. But these are the essentials which mainly characterize the new gospel. "Some grand conclusions to which it points are sufficiently obvious: "By article 1. The material world is cut off at a stroke from all troublesome interference with the decisions of the 'intuitional consciousness' and 'spiritual insight.' This is a great step gained. Natural theology is neatly and finally got rid of. Butler, and Paley, and Chalmers are obsolete. We may vary our ' phases of faith' ad infinitum. By article 2. The important subject of religion in the human heart is set clear of an intrusive, that is, an objective revelation. Spinoza is justified. Miracles, if not impossible, are clearly unnecessary. "By article 3. Man, for improvement in the higher philosophy,' (a synonym for religion,) is made independent of all aid foreign to himself. The scriptural doctrine of the Atonement, with all which it implies, is superfluous-if not something worse. "By article 4. The Holy Ghost, as an agent in the moral regeneration of the human soul, is dispensed with. Inspiration at the same time is reduced to bardship. "And by the last article we have here noted as distinguishing this famous belief, each of us is practically responsible to none but himself-or, at the utmost, only to the 'universal consciousness' of the age in which he happens to be cast. Each of us, for instance, may write his own Bible, each Donaldson compile his own 'Book of Jashur;' one thing only provided, namely, that while recognizing and asserting his own 'essential divinity,' he is condescending enough to pay some little deference (a mere matter of courtesy) now and then to the divine voice of universal humanity.' Beyond this there is neither a standard of truth, nor a fountain of law, for human nature."-Pp. 2-4. A work lately issued from our Andover press, and sold by Trübner, London, in regard to "Professor Tayler Lewis, D.D.," is noticed by the London Review. The Review says: "The last hundred and fifty pages of this volume are occupied with an essay on the literary character of Tayler Lewis, who is held in profound admiration by the anonymous author. It is much to say, but we confess that the extracts given from his writings seem to us almost to justify the enthusiastic devotion with which Lewis has inspired his defender and panegyrist. We have met with few passages more nobly eloquent, or more distinguished by true and deep philosophy, than some of those with which this portion of the volume is enriched; and we earnestly wish we could have transferred the greater portion of them into these pages. Some of them are peculiarly appropriate to the present condition of thought and state of theological controversy in this country. Indeed, had the series been selected with a foresight of the Essays and Reviews,' and in or der to counteract their teachings, they could hardly have been more exactly adapted to that end. How profound, how true, how seasonable are the thoughts in the following noble passage | others pronounced them spurious. The on 'The True Idea of God!'" No less than forty-nine publications have been called out by the noted "Essays and Reviews," sermons, pamphlets, etc. The discovery of a large and beautiful spring on the temple mount, as the Journal of Sacred Literature informs us, resulting from certain excavations by the French Consulate, has filled Jerusalem with surprise and joy. It is conjectured that this is the spring stopped by King Hezekiah at the approach of Sennacherib, (2 Chron. xxxiii, 30,) the loss of which Jerusalem has deplored the last 2500 years. The Athenæum contains an account of some fine biblical discoveries by Dr. Levishon at Jerusalem. This gentle man has obtained and copied in fac simile a very remarkable copy of the Samaritan Pentateuch. It is added: "But not the least important part of this subject to be mentioned is his more recent purchase of a MS. vellum Pentateuch of remarkable antiquity. He believes it to have been written during the time of the First Temple in Jerusalem, and his gratitude for the dispensation of providence which brought this within his reach partakes of a strong religious character. The reasons for assigning so remote a date to this precious book are: 1. The extreme reserve with which the priestly family in Nablous have guarded it even from the knowledge of their own sect, and the assertion of the priest from whom it was obtained. 2. The fact of its not being divided into chapters or sections of any kind, except as books, such as Genesis, Exodus, etc. 3. The names of the several priests found in marginal scraps about the volume recording occurrences connected with its preservation-the names coinciding with the priestly genealogy in his possession. The express statement in a marginal observation that the volume had escaped the peril of fire during the time of Zerubbabel in Jerusalem." "The Holy Stone," so called by some of our friends in Ohio, lately discussed in Harper's Magazine, is thus disposed of in the English "Clerical Journal:" "Some time since two remarkable stones with Hebrew inscriptions were dug up near Newark, Ohio, and excited no small interest. By many they were received as genuine ancient remains, but arguments which have been used have been such as these: 'That there are, in the first, imperfections in the forms of some of the Hebrew letters, and one grammatical error; that the letters are those of the modern Hebrew alphabet; and that, though three of the couples of words of which it consists occur repeatedly in the Old Testament, the fourth is not there.' The second inscription was discovered not far from the first, and by the same person. An advocate of its genuineness says that it is an abridgment of the Ten Commandments; that it is not inscribed with the common Hebrew character, and while generally related to it, the Ain is the same as occurs on the coins of the Maccabees. This stone was found inclosed in a spheroidal stone box, hollowed out so as exactly to receive it, and the writer we quote states that it would have cost two hundred dollars to execute it. Dr. Merrick, in a paper read before the American Oriental Society, describes the stone as a 'truncated pyramid four or five inches long, and marked on its four sides with Hebrew characters;' and after appealing to the photographed copies which he exhibited, the writer pronounces that 'it carries its condemnation on its face as a bungling imitation of the printed Chaldee letters in our later edition of the Hebrew Bible.' The Independent says: 'In the published proceedings of the Society Dr. Merrick's paper is accompanied by the following note, which shows how the stone was regarded. 'The copies sent by Mr. Merrick were passed around among the members present, and no person was found disposed to differ from the opinions expressed by that gentleman, while some surprise was manifested that so transparent a fraud or piece of pleasantry should have made so much stir and deceived so many people.' We understand that Jewish scholars in this city, of high authority, concur in the views expressed at the meeting of the Oriental Society.' Here, we presume, the interest raised by these novel and muchtalked-of discoveries will properly cease." Murray advertises a very full and elaborate series of replies to the Essays and Reviews to be furnished from the associate pens of Professor Mansel, Dr. Thomson, Messrs. Cowie, Rawlinson, and others. Saunders and Otley have |