teen hundred and ninety-two, with appropriate ceremonies, and said exposition shall be open to visitors not later than the first day of May, eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and shall be closed at such a time as the commission may determine, but not later than the thirtieth day of October thereafter.

SEC. 10. That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by the commission that provision has been made for the grounds and buildings for the uses herein provided for, and there has also been filed with him by the said corporation, known as "The World's Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety-two," satisfactory proof that a sum not less than ten million dollars, to be used and expended for the purposes of the exposition herein authorized, has in fact been raised or provided for by subscription or other legally binding means, he shall be authorized, through the Department of State, to make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which the exposition will open and close, and the place at which it will be held; and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the commission, for publication in their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of the Government and people, invite foreign nations to take part in the said exposition and appoint representatives thereto.

SEC. 11. That all articles which shall be imported from foreign countries for the sole purpose of exhibition at said exposition, upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty, shall be admitted free of payment of duty, customs fees, or charges under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but it shall be lawful at any time during the exhibition to sell for delivery at the close of the exposition any goods or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the exposition buildings or on its grounds, subject to such regulations for the security of the revenue and for the collection of the import duties as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe: Provided, That all such articles when sold or withdrawn for consumption in the United States shall be subject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of importation, and all penalties prescribed by law shall be applied and enforced against such articles, and against the persons who may be guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal.

In accordance with the provisions of section 5, the task of raising the required $5,000,000 was proceeded with. Pending the action of Congress prominent citizens of Chicago had formed the Exposition Company and invited subsciptions at the rate of $10 per share. The responses were quick and generous, and 29,374 shareholders subscribed $5,467,350. The legislature of the State authorized the city of Chicago to bond itself for $5,000,000 in aid of the Fair, the bonds to be available as soon as $3,000,000 of the capital stock had been paid in.

In view of these facts the President of the United States issued the following proclamation, December 24, 1890:

WHEREAS, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision has been made for adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the World's Columbian Exposition, and that a sum not less than $10,000,000, to be used and expended for the purposes of said Exposition, has been provided in accordance with the conditions and requirements of Section 10 of an Act entitled "An Act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an International Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and the products of the soil, mine and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois," approved April 25, 1890.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said Act, do hereby declare and proclaim that such International Exhibition will be opened on the first day of May, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed before the last Thursday in October of the same year.

And in the name of the Government and the People of the United States, I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of an event that is preeminent in human history and of lasting interest to mankind by appointing representatives thereto, and sending such exhibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries and their progress in civilization.

The National Commission, which is a supervisory body, is composed of eight commissioners-at-large, with alternates apointed by the President, and two commissioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia, appointed by the President on the nomination of their respective governors. This commission has held four sessions, and has now practically delegated its authority to eight of its members who constitute a board of reference and control, and who act with a similar number selected from the World's Columbian Exposition.

The World's Columbian Exposition, as its corporate name reads, is composed of forty-five citizens of Chicago, elected annually by the stockholders of the organization. To this body falls the duty of raising the necessary funds and the active management of the exposition. Its committees supervise the various departments into which the work has been divided.

The Board of Lady Managers is composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, and nine from the city of Chicago. It has supervision of women's participation in the exposition and of whatever exhibits of women's work may be made.

The World's Congress Auxiliary is organized to provide for and facilitate the holding of a series of congresses of thinkers, or to supplement the exposition that will be made of the material progress of the world by a portrayal of the achievements in science, literature, education, government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, art, religion and other branches of mental activity.

The Director-General is the chief executive officer of the exposition, and the work is divided into the following great departments:

A-Agriculture, Food and Food Products, Farming Machinery and Appliances.

B-Viticulture, Horticulture and Floriculture.
C-Live Stock, Domestic and Wild Animals.

D-Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus of Fishing.

E-Mines, Mining and Metallurgy.

F-Machinery.

G-Transportation Exhibits-Railways, Vessels, Vehicles. H-Manufactures.

J-Electricity and Electrical Appliances.

K-Fine Arts-Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative.

L-Liberal Arts, Education, Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, Music and the Drama.

M-Ethnology, Archæology, Progress of Labor and Invention-Isolated and Collective Exhibits. N-Forestry and Forest Products. O--Publicity and Promotion. P-Foreign Affairs.

Following are the chief officers of the Exposition Executive:

DIRECTOR-GENERAL-George R. Davis.

NATIONAL COMMISSION- President, Thomas W. Palmer; Vice-Presidents, Thomas W. Waller, M. H. de Young, D. B. Penn, G. W. Allen, Alex. B. Andrews; Secretary, John T. Dickinson.

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION-President, W. T. Baker; Vice-Presidents, Thomas B. Bryan, Potter Palmer; Secretary, J. A. Kingwell; SolicitorGeneral, Benjamin Butterworth; Treasurer, A. F. Seeberger; Auditor, W. K. Ackerman; Chief of Construction, D. H. Burnham.

JOINT BOARD OF REFERENCE AND CONTROL-From the Commission, Thos. W. Palmer, Michigan, President; James A. McKenzie, Kentucky; Geo. V. Massey, Delaware; William Lindsay, Kentucky; Michael H. de Young, California; Thos. M. Waller, Connecticut; Elijah B. Martindale, Indiana; J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia. From the Directors, Lyman J. Gage, president; Thomas B. Bryan, Potter Palmer, Ferd. W. Peck, Edward T. Jeffrey, Edwin Walker, Frederick S. Winston, W. T. Baker.

CHIEFS OF DEPARTMENTS

Publicity and Promotion, M. P. Handy.
Agriculture, W. T. Buchanan.

BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS-
President, Mrs. Bertha H. Palmer.
Secretary, Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke.

WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY-
President, Charles C. Bonney.
Vice-President, Thomas B. Bryan.
Secretary, Benjamin Butterworth.
Treasurer, Lyman J. Gage.

Lyman J. Gage, of the first National Bank, was president of the Exposition Company during its first year. In his report, made April 1, 1891, he

Missouri

Montana.......... Nebraska

Several of the States above named will certainly appropriate additional sums. Those which have not, will no doubt, each and all, appropriate sums of equal average, aggregating probably six million dollars.

This will be further increased by liberal sums from many cities, counties, corporations, manufacturers, etc., etc., to a grand total of upwards of ten millions of dollars.

The assurances of co-operation by foreign powers are ample, and place beyond question the international character of the exposition. Up to June 15, 1891, formal and official acceptances were received from France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Japan, China, Mexico, Peru, Honduras, Salvador, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, Jamaica, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Turkey and Denmark.

At the same time positive, although not official, assurances of acceptances had been received from Egypt, Morocco, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Brazil, Hayti, British Columbia, etc., etc. Estimates only can be made of the amount that will be expended by these countries, but the most conservative estimates yet made indicate that the money to be expended from all quarters at the Fair will approach $40,000,000,

Money having thus been secured in unparalleled amount it became imperative that both the site and the buildings to be erected should also surpass in grandeur and magnitude all previous expositions. In this connection the following table is of interest. It is to be noted that the estimates for

179

186

236

1,688,858

159

100

1,858,778

191

173

1,000,000

Chicago,

1,037

280

5,000,000

1893,

The States, already voted.

The States, to be voted.

Cities and trades...

Total

$21,000,000

1,500,000

1,775,000

1,225,000

1,000,000

$26,500,000

No

The exposition site is a magnificent one. World's Fair ever had one surpassing it. It embraces Jackson and Washington Parks and Midway Plaisance, a strip 600 feet wide connecting the two-in all 1,037 acres.

nearly all of the exposition buildings will be, is Jackson Park, where beautifully situated on Lake Michigan, having a lake frontage of two miles, and embracing 586 acres. Washington Park has 371 acres and Midway Plaisance 80 acres. Upon these parks, previous to their selection as the World's Fair site, $4,000,000 was spent in laying out the grounds and beautifying them by lawns, flower-beds, etc. The Exposition Company will spend more than a million in their further preparation. The contract for grading and for excavating lagoons alone was let for $397,000. These parks are connected with the eenter of the city and with the general park and boulevard system by more than thirty-five miles

of boulevards from 100 to 300 feet in width. The improvements at Jackson Park include additional walks, driveways, lagoons, fountains, statuary, lake-piers, etc.

More than nine hundred thousand cubic yards of earth had to be moved.

Properly preceeding any description in detail of the exposition buildings may be given something in the way of general explanation of the appearance of the exposition site and palaces as they will appear in 1893. The following quotations from President Gage's report covering this may be considered authentic:

"The ground is being prepared for a system of lagoons and canals from 100 to 300 feet wide, which, with the broad, grassy terraces leading down to them, will pass the principal buildings, inclose a wooded island 1,800 feet long, and form a circuit of three miles, navigable by pleasure boats.

"These canals, which will be crossed by many bridges, will connect with the lake at two points; one at the southern limit of the present improved portion of the park and the other more than half a mile farther south, at the great main court of the exposition. At this point, extending eastward into the lake 1,200 feet, will be piers which will afford a landing-place for the lake steamers, and enclose a harbor for the picturesque little pleasure boats of all epochs and nations, which will carry passengers along the canals, stopping at numerous landingplaces.

"This harbor will be bounded on the east, far out in the lake, by the long columned façade of the Casino, in whose free spaces crowds of men and women, protected by its ceiling of gay awnings, can look east to the lake and west to the long vista between the main edifices as far as the gilded dome of the Administration Building. The first notable object in this vista will be the colossal statue of Liberty rising out of the lagoon at the point where it enters the land, protected by moles, which will carry sculptured columns emblematic of the thirteen original states of our Union. beyond the first of many bridges, will lie a broad Beyond this, basin from which grassy terraces and broad walks lead, on the north, to the south elevation of the enormous Main Building; and on the south to the structure dedicated to agriculture.

"The Main Building, extending northwestward a third of a mile, will be devoted to manufactures and liberal arts, and will receive from all nations the rich products of modern workmanship. calling architecturally the period of the classic Rerevival, it has the vivacity, the emphatic joyousness of that awakening epoch. The long, low lines of its sloping roof, supported by rows of arches, will be relieved by a central dome over the great main entrance, and emblematic statuary and floating banners will add to its festive character.

"The north elevation of the classic edifice devoted to agriculture will show a long arcade behind corinthian columns supporting a series of triple arches and three low graceful domes. Liberally adorned with sculpture and enriched with color, this building by its simplicity, refinement and grace, will be idyllically expressive of pastoral serenity and peace. At its noble entrance a statue of Ceres will offer hospitality to the fruits of the earth. Behind it, at the south, sixty-three acres of land will be reserved for the live-stock exhibit. "The lofty octagonal dome of the Administration Building forms the central point of the architectural scheme. stories of its square base 250 feet into the air, it Rising from the columned will stand in the center of a spacious open plaza, adorned with statuary and fountains, with flower

cular machinery annex within. North of this railway loop, and along the western limit of the park, will be the Transportation Building. Still farther north, lying west of the north branch of the lagoon at the point where it incloses the wooded island, will extend the long, shining surfaces and the gracefully curving roof of the crystal palace of horticulture. Following the lagoon northward, one will pass the Woman's Building, and eastward will reach the island devoted to the novel and interesting fisheries exhibit, shown in an effective.

island lies the present improved portion of Jackson Park, which will be reserved for the buildings of states and of foreign governments. The Illinois Building will occupy a commanding position here, its classic dome being visible over the long lagoon from the central plaza. Along the Midway Plaisance will be placed a number of special exhibits like the historical series of human dwellings, reproductions of famous streets, etc., and it is probable that some of these may overflow into Washington Park,"