court would have no jurisdiction over an unwilling party. With powers so limited such a court would have no jurisdiction over the matters that gave rise to the great war. Jurisdiction over an unwilling party is essential to full efficiency in an international tribunal.

Great care is taken to provide for the disarmament of Germany and to prevent the reorganization of its military, naval and air forces. The disarmament of the Allies and the prevention of future wars between them is of equal importance, but the accomplishment of it is entrusted to the League of Nations. For the preservation of peace it is also necessary that Germany be protected from future injustice and aggression by its neighbors. The essence of the problem is to provide means to insure just treatment to all without regard to their relation to the war.

The powers conferred on the Reparation Commission are very broad and their limits not clearly defined. This is due to the very great destruction wrought by the war and the recognized inability of Germany and her allies to make full restitution. The utimate limit of liability is therefore recognized in the treaty as dependent on the ability of Germany to pay, rather than on the extent of the losses. It is recognized that the people of Germany must not only be allowed to live, but to live under such conditions that they can perform the obligations imposed on them. Real friendly relations between the nations opposed to each other in the war are essential to the general welfare, and this condition cannot be expected unless the people of Germany as well as of the other states have grounds to hope for improvement in their situation as their obligations under the treaty are discharged.

The League of Nations is designed to ultimately include all the nations of the earth and to bring together their representatives in a general Assembly to be held at stated intervals. While most of the provisions of the treaty are to be carried into effect under the supervision of commissions and agencies appointed by the victors, there are many future contingencies to be provided for by the League. Its initial membership includes only signatories of the treaty on the part of the Allied

and Associated Powers, and at this time is is therefore merely the parties of the first part to the treaty, but the neutral nations are invited to adhere to it and Spain, which is not a signatory power, is accorded a place on the Council. This gives representation at once to the neutral powers if Spain sees fit to adhere to the covenant. The League is mentioned in many parts of the treaty following the Covenant and has very important duties to perform in connection with the government of the Saar Basin, the free city of Dantzig, the reduction of armaments in states other than Germany, the government of former German territories through mandatory powers under its direction, in reference to the navigable rivers of Europe, in the settlement of disputes that may arise with regard to the interpretation and application of the articles of the treaty, and in reference to the organization of labor, the General Conference of Members with reference thereto, and the International Labor Office.

The treaty lays down many rules for the determination of private rights which have been affected by the war. Clearing offices are authorized through which claims by and against citizens of Germany and of each of the allied powers may be settled and taken into the general account between Germany and its former enemies. The provisions concerning commercial relations, debts, property, rights and interests, contracts, prescriptions, judgments and insurance, constitute a considerable code of laws for the determination of questions arising between the nationals of the opposing parties.

Part XIII relating to Labour deals with a subject of great importance to the peace of the world in a broad and general way and in connection with the League of Nations. The provisions of this part of the treaty have no special application to Germany or to its relation to the Allied Powers, but appear of great importance in connection with the social and labor conditions prevailing in Europe generally.

The Covenant of the League of Nations is not framed as a measure especially adapted for inclusion in the treaty with Germany but is equally applicable to the relations between all other nations. In the succeeding parts of the treaty various

matters to arise in the future are referred to the League for consideration. Viewed as a whole the treaty is remarkable for the great number of agencies which it establishes for the determination of different questions and the regulation of matters affecting the interests of two or more states. There are very many matters of which the treaty itself does not undertake to make final disposition, but which are referred to the determination of the people immediately concerned or to a commission created to deal with the particular matter. While the treaty is in all its essential features the work of the allied and associated powers, it contains many provisions which must ultimately prove quite as beneficial to the German people as to those of any other country. The provisions for disarmament will at once relieve them from supporting the vast military establishment which was a crushing burden on all except the rich and dominant elements before the war. Relief from this burden will be no small compensation for the burden imposed for reparation of the destruction and wrongs perpetrated in the war.

Part II of the treaty deals with the boundaries of Germany but does not fix them definitely in all places. It reduces the territory formerly included in the German Empire by restoring to France the frontier from Luxemburg to Switzerland as it existed in 1870, and by concessions to Belgium, Denmark and the new states of Czecho-Slovakia and Poland. The territory west of the Rhine remains in the military occupation of the Allies pending fulfillment of the terms of the treaty, and Germany is forbidden to maintain or construct any fortifications in it or within 50 kilometers east of the Rhine. In compensation for the mines in French territory destroyed during the war Germany cedes to France the coal mines of the Saar Basin, the definite boundaries of which are to be traced by a commission of five members, one appointed by France, one by Germany and the other three by the Council of the League of Nations. The government of this territory is ceded by Germany to the League of Nations as trustee, which is to appoint a governing commission of five members. At the end of fifteen years the people of the Basin are to decide by votes taken by

communes or districts on the sovereignty under which they will be placed; all persons without distinction of sex twenty years old at the date of the voting, who resided in the territory when the treaty was signed, are entitled to vote. The result of the election is to be ascertained and declared by the League of Nations. The provisions with reference to the restoration of Alsace and Lorraine to France are quite full and, except in matters connected with the use of the Rhine, which are placed under the control of the Central Rhine Commission, dispose of all the important matters connected with the change of sovereignty. The independence of the Czecho-Slovak State and of Poland is recognized and Danzig is made a free city. A commission is provided to settle the frontier between Belgium and Germany in accordance with the terms of the treaty. A commission of seven members, five of them nominated by the allied and associated powers and one each by Poland and Czecho-Slovakia is provided to trace on the spot the frontier between these countries. The determination of boundaries and the allegiance of the people is left to their votes in border districts as between Germany and Poland, in East Prussia, and upper Silesia, and as between Germany and Denmark in Schleswig. These votes are to be taken under the supervision of commissions provided for in the treaty.

Many commissions are to be constituted for various purposes, some temporary and some continuing. Besides those already named there is one of seven members to delimit the frontier between Germany and Poland, a commission of four to be designated by the United States, France, Great Britain and Italy to supervise the elections determining the nationality of the border district between Germany and Poland, a commission of five to supervise the elections in the border district between Poland and East Prussia, a commission of three to delimit the frontier of the territory assigned to the city of Dantzig, a commission of five of which Norway and Sweden will be asked to designate a member to supervise the election in Schleswig, a commission of seven to trace the line of this frontier after it has been determined by the election, the InterAllied Commission of Control to supervise the delivery, dem

olition and rendering things useless to be carried out at the expense of the German Government, the Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control to deal with the enforcement of all the military clauses of the treaty, the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control to see to the execution of the naval clauses, the Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commission of Control to deal with the execution of the air clauses, a commission of representatives of the Allied and Associated Powers and of Germany with a Sub-Commission of representatives of each interested power to look after the repatriation of prisoners of war, the Reparation Commission, the International Commission for the Elbe, the International Commission for the Oder, an International Commission for the Niemen on request of any riparian state, an International Commission of the Danube, a commission to delimit free zones in the ports of Hamburg and Stettin, commissions of experts to apportion the rolling stock on railways in territories the sovereignty of which is transferred by the terms of the treaty, and Commissions of Enquiry to consider complaints made to the International Labor Office. Of these commissions the Reparation Commission is of the most present importance. It is to be composed of delegates nominated by the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium and the Serb-Croat-Slovene State, and have its principal permanent Bureau in Paris. This Commission is authorized to determine the amount of damages for which compensation is to be made by Germany and to supervise the restorations and payments to be made in accordance with the terms of the treaty, and is given power to appoint committees, officers, agents and employees to aid in the execution of its functions.

The treaty provides for the appointment of other tribunals and agencies as follows: A special tribunal for the trial of William II of Hohenzollern to be composed of five judges appointed one each by the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan; Clearing Offices to be established by each of the parties to the treaty for the collection and payment of enemy debts; a Mixed Arbitral Tribunal to be established between each of the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, com