TABLE XXII.-SUMMARY OF CAUSES, ETC., OF LOCKOUTS FOR THE UNITED STATES-Continued. Cause or object. Establishments. Succeeded. Succeeded Failed. partly. To compel employees to sign agreement to work only for members of Iron League and change union rules To compel employees to sign agreement to work only for members of masters' association.. To compel employees to sign individual contracts. 4 4 1 To compel employees to stop paying assistance to strikers in another establishment To compel employees to teach apprentices and to withdraw from To compel employees to use material from nonunion establishment. To compel employees to withdraw from Building Trades Council To compel employees to withdraw from one labor organization and join another To compel employees to withdraw from union.. To compel employees to work on boycotted material To compel employees to work on boycotted patterns.. To compel employees to work overtime.. To compel strikers in other establishments to relinquish demands.. To compel strikers in other establishments to relinquish demands and to break up labor unions.... 700 To compel strikers to relinquish demand. To compel union men to allow nonunion men to operate machines.. To compel union men to work with nonunion men and to enforce increase of hours.. To compel union to declare strike off.. To compel union to raise boycott... To compel union to raise boycott against certain firms To compel weavers to pay for broken bobbins To compel weavers to work by the piece.. To compel women to do men's work To discipline employees for being absent without leave. To enforce abolition of Saturday half holiday.. 1 5 17 12 To enforce abolition of Saturday half holiday and force employees to work Sundays and overtime.. 1 To enforce agreement with cornice workers' union as to sympathetic strike.. To enforce change in method of doing work and open-shop system.. To enforce employment of molders' helpers and abolish union rules. To enforce increase of hours and abolition of limit to output per day. To enforce Master Stonecutters' Association rules. To enforce modification of union rules as to right of employees to work with tools To enforce privilege of having sheet-metal workers do metalliclathers' work.. 1 To enforce reduction of hours to comply with State 8-hour law and consequent reduction of wages To enforce reduction of wages and against demand for reduction of hours 24 24 To enforce reduction of wages and against union men..... 15 15 a Not including 1 establishment in which lockout was still pending July 1, 1894. TABLE XXII-SUMMARY OF CAUSES, ETC., OF LOCKOUTS FOR THE UNITED STATES-Concluded. Cause or object. To enforce reduction of wages and free-shop system To enforce reduction of wages and right to employ a larger number of apprentices... To enforce reduction of wages and use of machinery To enforce rule requiring employees to remove all clothing for inspection before and after work. To enforce reduction of wages in other establishments in which strike was pending.. To enforce rule requiring plasterers to work for members of masters' association only.. To enforce rules' To enforce rules of masters' union and against members of certain labor organizations To enforce termination of contract and reduction of wages.. To enforce use of greater amount of plate matter. To enforce rule to reduce force during slack season instead of alternating work among all employees.. To enforce task system... To enforce truck system ... To enforce withdrawal of boycott To enforce work for another shop in which strike was pending. To reduce force.... To resist strike against obnoxious foreman in another establishment. a Not including 143 establishments in which lockouts were still pending at the close of 1 of the 3 investigations included in this report. CHAPTER III. STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS OCCURRING PRIOR TO 1881. The foregoing chapters having presented an account of the strikes and lockouts which have occurred during the years 1881 to 1900, inclusive, it can not fail to be of interest to consider in some detail the disturbances of this character which occurred prior to 1881, in order to discover, if possible, whether strikes and lockouts are novel in our industrial history or have had their beginnings in times and under conditions which have passed away; whether they are the result of the comparatively recent powerful organizations of workingmen, the outgrowth of discontent and dissatisfaction with existing industrial conditions, or the natural result of industrial development. While it may be truly said that the strike, as a method pursued by workingmen to obtain the redress of real or fancied grievances, did not assume such importance as to call for an investigation by the Government of the United States until the year 1880, yet it is equally true that the strike was not a new weapon in the hand of the laborer, for isolated cases of strikes existed before the beginning of the present century. Though it is the very generally accepted opinion that the disturbance in New York City, in 1803, popularly known as the "Sailors' strike," was the earliest example of the strike known in this country, this opinion may be authoritatively controverted by facts developed in the present investigation, which afford proof of a series of strikes among the boot and shoe makers of Philadelphia, beginning in 1796, and make it reasonably certain that a strike occurred among the bakers of New York City as early as 1741. From these beginnings the practice of striking by employees who desired some concession regarding their wages, or were otherwise dissatisfied with the conditions under which they worked, grew until in 1835 strikes had become so numerous as to call forth remonstrant comments from the public press, the New York Daily Advertiser, on June 6, observing that "strikes are all the fashion," and that "it is an excellent time for the journeymen to come from the country to this city." From this period up to the present time strikes have been common, their frequency depending upon the industrial conditions which prevailed. The information presented in this chapter concerning strikes and lockouts in the United States prior to the year 1881 has been compiled from published works, and presents, in chronological order and in LAB 1901-46 721 |