vicinity, while Rhinoceros hemitachus here, as at Kirkdale, associated with R. tichorhinus, may perhaps refer it to the earlier part of the newer Pliocene period*.

2. Evidences of Human Occupation.-Let us now pass on to the evidences of human occupation. All the ashes and implements were found in positions, near the mouth of the cave, where man himself may have placed them (see figs. 1 to 8), with the exception of an ash of bone imbedded in the earthy matrix between the canine tooth and a coprolite of the Hyæna, and cemented to a fragment of dolomitic conglomerate. This was found far in the cave, either at the entrance of the passage B or in the middle of the passage D. The latter passage yielded the only rolled flint without traces of man's handiwork. The materials out of which the implements were made were used pretty equally. All the spear-heads were of flint; all the sling-stones of chert from the Upper Greensand; while the flakes consisted of both, used indifferently. Besides these three typical

forms, which were most abundant, is a fourth, in form roughly pyramidal, with a smooth and flat base, and a cutting edge all round. Of these we found but two examples, both consisting of chert. In form they are exactly similar to some hundreds found in a Celtic village at Stanlake, and to others I discovered in a cemetery of the same date at Yarnton, near Oxford. They strongly resemble a cast I have of one found by M. Lartet in the cave of Aurignac. Were it not for this similarity, I should look upon them as accidental forms. The rest are mere splinters, irregular in form, and probably made in the manufacture of the various flint and chert implements. All the flint implements have been strangely altered in colour and structure, either by heat or, as is more probable, by some chemical action. Without exception, the old surfaces present a waxy lustre (by the absence of which forgeries are easily detected), the colour is of a uniform milk-white, and the ordinary conchcidal fracture is replaced by that of porcelain.. Some are not harder than chalk. I have obtained weathered and calcined flints from Sussex in which similar changes are observable, and in which the difference in the results of chemical action and heat can hardly be detected. The chert implements, on the other hand, show no traces of any such changes, but are similar in colour and structure to the rocks from which they came-the Upper Greensand of the Blackdown Hills.

The inferiority of workmanship, on comparison with the implements of Amiens and Abbeville, and of Hoxne, may possibly indicate a higher antiquity, and certainly shows that the Wookey Hole savages were of a lower order than the Flint-folk of the valley of the Somme, or of Suffolk. If also the complete whitening and the total absence of conchoidal fracture in these implements, as compared with the fracture and natural colour of those from the above well-known localities, in which the decomposition is but skin-deep, and causes but a waxy lustre, be any evidence of antiquity, the former are of a far earlier date than the latter.

* Comp. Dr. Falconer, "On the Ossiferous Caves of the Peninsula of Gower," Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 491.

All the fragments of calcined bone, with the exception of one already mentioned, were found near the entrance (see fig. 1), and in a place more suitable for a fire than any other in the cave. I can identify none of them as human, The coarse texture, the structure, and the thickness of one indicate a fragment of a long bone of Rhinoceros *. All resemble many splinters strewn about in other parts of the cave, which are not calcined, but were evidently introduced by the Hyænas. The calcination may therefore be due to the accident of their lying upon the surface at the time the fire was kindled. The presence of the ashes indicates the occupation of the cave by man.

3. Conclusion.-The whole body of evidence† tends to prove that man, in one of the earlier stages of his being, dwelt in this cave; that in it he manufactured his implements out of flint from the chalkdowns of Wilts, and from the less fragile chert from the Greensand of the Blackdown Hills, and arrow-heads out of the chert and the more easily fashioned bone; and that, beyond all doubt, he was a contemporary with the extinct fauna found, with the traces of his existence, in the cave. Then after an interval, in which much of the fauna became extinct, and in which the whole of the district was considerably depressed, we again meet with traces of man in the coarse pottery and the human teeth found by Dr. Buckland in the great Wookey Hole cavern ‡. And, lastly, the discovery of coins of Allectus, Comes littoris Saxonici, together with skeletons near the Hyæna-den, brings us down to the fourth or fifth century after Christ. Thus Palæontology shades off into Archæology, and that into History, and each, taking up the thread where the other dropped it, shows the intimate relation between sciences formerly considered to have little or no bearing upon each other. Until, however, there are data for estimating the magnitude of the breaks in the succession, it is impossible to reduce the interval between ourselves and the Flint-folk to the scale of time used in history. The supplanting of one species by another, and the oscillations in the level of the surface, prove that the lapse of time was enormous, but they do not warrant us in reducing it to any definite number of years.

2. On the DISCOVERY of PARADOXIDES in BRITAIN.
By J. W. SALTER, Esq., F.G.S., A.L.S.

DURING a few days' holiday in South Pembrokeshire last summer, I went to the neighbourhood of St. David's. I wished to see the Cambrian and Lower Silurian beds recently mapped by Mr. T. Aveline, and to learn if they presented the same characters as the corre

* Possibly it may have belonged to Elephas, but its coarse texture seems to me to indicate Rhinoceros.

+ For arguments on the relation of the traces of man to the organic remains, see Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xviii, p. 119.

See Rel. Diluv. p. 165.

sponding beds in North Wales. On this point I hope to have an opportunity of laying some particulars before the Society. My object now is only to point out the locality and geological place of a gigantic Trilobite long looked for in Britain, and lately, I must say accidentally, found by me. I believed I was working at Solva Harbour, in Llandeilo flags*, but by good fortune I had landed instead in a parallel creek a mile to the westward, at the junction of the red and purple Cambrian grits with the Lingula-slates.

Porth-rhaw is a small boat-creek, a mile S. of Whitchurch, on the St. David's road. Black slates occur on both sides of it; but on the west side they pass into and rest upon the red and purple Cambrians; on the east they form magnificent cliffs of vertical or highly curved slates and flags. Sometimes these cliffs show sheets of rippled rock 150 feet to the water's edge. Though much curved, the general dip is to the east and south-east; but I have not traced the slates further in this direction than the Cradle Rock; nor could I find fossils except at one point, where they are in hundreds. This was at Porth-rhaw, before mentioned, in the black vertical rocks on the east side of the little creek. A boat may reach them easily; but, except at low water, it is not very easy to walk down to them.

The fry of some large Trilobite first attracted my attention, and then, by looking along the ledges, I found fragments (head, bodyrings, labrum), but none perfect, of the largest species of Paradoxides known-scarcely excepting the great P. Harlani, from near Boston. Agnostus accompanied it as usual, being the smallest, as Paradoxides is the largest, Trilobite of the Primordial zone.

I shall describe the species (for it is new), with full figures, in a forthcoming Decade of the Geological Survey; and only now subjoin a short diagnosis, and a reduced figure from a drawing by Mr. C. R. Bone.

PARADOXIDES DAVIDIS, spec. nov.

P. pedalis et ultra, maximus, glabella clavata, sulcis duobus solum perfectis. Oculi submediani, parvi. Thorax axe fere ut pleura lato, hac recta, apicibus recurvis, nec abrupte flexis, sulco mediano valde obliquo marginem attingente. Cauda lata. Labrum angulis externis biangulatis.

Locality.-Lower Lingula-flags, Porth-rhaw, St. David's, Pembrokeshire (1862); also Solva Harbour, west side.

There has been a single specimen of Paradoxides for a long time in the Collection of the Geological Survey. It is a much smaller and more slender species; for P. Davidis is robust in all its parts, and has a broad axis, like the Bohemian P. spinosus. The small species in question was found in N. Wales by A. C. Selwyn, Esq., now Director of the Geological Survey of Victoria; but the exact locality was never ascertained, nor could the species be again met with. I recommend my North-Welsh friends (after one of whom, conspicuous

* I have since found that the black Lingula-flags, with Paradoxides, extend to Solva Harbour.

↑ P. Forchhammeri (see 'Siluria,' 2nd edit. p. 45, fig. 5, 2).

for his zeal and kindness, I name the species*) to work at the lower black slates in the neighbourhood of Ffestiniog, not far above their junction with the Cambrian beds, where they will surely meet with these species.

The following succession of beds, in ascending order, in the Primordial zone, has now been established in Wales, and it is the same in South as in North Wales :

Red and purple grits, becoming intermixed with some greenish-grey sandstones where they pass up into

1. Lower Lingula-flags.-A thick mass of black shales, very uniform in its upper part, but with much sandstone in the lower; probably accumulated in deep water.

2. Middle Lingula-flags.-A thick series of hard light-coloured sandstones, with ripple-markings, worm-tracks and burrows, and other evidences of having been accumulated in shallow water.

3. Upper Lingula-flags.-A thin series (not more than 300 feet at most) of fine black shales, crowded with small Crustaceans; shells very rare; deep water.

Cambrian (Geological
Survey).
(Lingulella, rare.
Olenus, common.
Agnostus, common.
Paradoxides Davidis.

Lingulella Davisii, abun-
dant.
Olenus, rare.

Hymenocaris, abundant.
Olenus, many species.
Agnostus, abundant.
Conocephalus.
Dikellocephalus.
Orthis, small species.

The best general section in the neighbourhood of St. David's is at Whitesand Bay, where the Cambrian Rocks and Lingula-flags are seen to be overlain by a lower member of the Llandeilo formation, of which and its corresponding beds elsewhere there is not space here to treat properly; I hope to do so shortly.

The constant occurrence of the same large forms of Trilobite (generally, too, accompanied by the minute Agnostus) in the lowest strata in which anything like a fauna is known, of different species in each district, and yet distributed so widely in Europe and America, is surely a curious fact, in any view of the origin or distribution of species. Both these genera depart widely from the general type of the Trilobites.

3. On the Fossil ECHINIDE of MALTA. BY THOMAS WRIGHT, M.D., F.R.S.E., F.G.S. With Notes on the MIOCENE BEDS of the ISLAND; by A. LEITH ADAMS, A.M., M.B., Surgeon of H.M. 22nd Regiment. [The publication of this Paper is postponed.] (Abstract.)

THE Echinoderms described in this paper by Dr. Wright were discovered by Dr. Leith Adams during a careful examination of the strata and geological features of Malta. A description of the Miocene beds was given by the latter gentleman, in which he stated his

David Homfray, Esq., of Port Madoc, Caernarvonshire, who, together with Mr. F. Ash of the same place, has for many years successfully explored the Primordial zone and the overlying beds.

VOL. XIX.--PART I.

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