A. Reflection.

B. Refraction.

C. Absorption.

6. Upon what principle are rays reflected? Illustrate by a diagram. 7. Write a list of bodies that refract rays of light; and explain refraction with reference to the medium through which the ray passes. 8. Show the application of this principle to the construction of lenses, and give instances of the refraction.

9. Mention natural phenomena arising from refraction; and explain refraction in the following instances:

A. A coin in a basin being made visible by water poured in, though out of the line of vision before.

B. Twilight (with a diagram).

10. What is a prism? Draw a diagram, illustrating the direction of a ray after passing through a triangular prism.

11. If the ray or pencil of light having passed through the prism be received upon a colourless surface, what extraordinary result will be manifest?

12. What experiment will prove this?

Illustrate by a diagram.

13. How may it be proved that the prismatic colours are in reality the original colourless ray?

14. Write down in order the seven prismatic colours; also, show how they may be combined into three.

15. State a theory for the various colours of natural objects upon the principle of remission or absorption of rays of light; and give instances. 16. State what is exactly meant by polarization of light; and the distinction between polarized light, and that not polarized.

17. Name substances which have the power of polarizing light; also state what kind of rays only can be polarized?

18. Give instances of the force of light as a chemical agent. A. Upon vegetation.

B. Upon any natural objects.

19. Explain the words photography-kalotype, and state what is a camera obscura?

20. State very briefly the process of taking a portrait, or copying a painting or scene

A. With a silvered plate.

B. With collodion.

D

6. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

VI. MAGNETISM,

1. Explain the word magnetism, and thus give an account of the early history of the science.

2. Mention the earliest noted facts of magnetism as mentioned by ancient writers.

3. State the ancient theories for accounting for the phenomena which were noticed.

4. What kind of ore is the loadstone (or lode stone), and where is it found? Also explain the word lode, and give names by which it is known in other countries.

5. Mention historical facts of chemical changes magnetizing iron, and thus accounting for the connexion of the loadstone with iron.

6. State exactly what is the property of the loadstone, and describe its attractive power?

7. Show the exact principle of the attraction, by stating the result of covering a loadstone with steel-filings.

8. If a loadstone be freely suspended, what is the result? Give instances of this property of the loadstone being known to the Romans, and state to what nation it is said to have been known from a very early period.

9. If two magnets be suspended, and one of them be allowed to touch the other with each end alternately, what will be the result in each case?

10. Draw diagrams, illustrating the attraction, &c., in the case of steel-filings loosely sprinkled upon a stiff sheet of paper, under which

is

A. One magnet.

B. Two magnets, with opposite poles towards each other.

C. Two magnets, with similar poles towards each other. 11. How is this magnetic influence communicated to other bodies? And what body especially is very susceptible of this influence?

12. Describe the construction of a mariner's compass.

13. State when this invention was introduced into Europe, and give instances of its immense value.

14. What other property besides polarity does a freely suspended

magnetic needle possess? Give some account of this property and its value.

15. Where is the true magnetic pole? and what theory is deduced from this about the earth itself? Give other evidence in favour of this theory.

16. Explain what are diamagnetic and paramagnetic bodies, and give instances.

17. State results, showing the close connexion which exists between magnetism and electricity.

18. Draw up a theory to account for magnetic influence if magnetism and electricity are identical.

7. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

VII. ELECTRICITY. I.

1. Derive and explain the word electricity, also electroscope, and electrometer.

2. Give some account of the phenomena noticed in the early times, and the theories upon the subject.

3. As the ancients left the study, what appears to have been the sum of their knowledge upon the subject?

4. Upon what grounds may electricity be thought to be inherent in all matter, and how may it be made manifest from some bodies?

5. Write a list of bodies known to suffer electric excitation.

6. What name is given to such bodies? and what other property have they?

7. Write a list of other bodies which do not generate electricity, but are ready agents in transmitting it, in the order of their transmitting power. What name is given to these bodies?

8. Upon what grounds may electricity be said to be of the two kinds, vitreous and resinous? What other name is sometimes given to the two kinds?

9. What relation may be traced between the poles of a magnet and the two kinds of electricity?

10. Describe a simple experiment in illustration of the two kinds of electricity, and their effect upon each other.

11. From the ascertained electrical phenomena, explain accurately A. The two fluid theory.

B. The one fluid, or Franklin's theory.

C. The polarization theory of Mr. Faraday.

12. Give some account of experiments, in illustration of each of these theories.

13. Name bodies which transmit electricity most easily, and draw a figure illustrating transmission upon the principle of the polarization theory.

14. Give instances that no known substance is absolutely a nonconductor.

15. Give some account of the speed of transmission by comparison with light, and describe a simple experiment in illustration.

16. Describe the process by which electricity is made to travel from one place to another, and hence show the practical use to which it is applied.

17. Describe an electric telegraph.

18. Describe, also, what is called electrical printing.

19. Give some account of electric telegraphs now laid down and in use.

8. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

VIII. ELECTRICITY. II.

1. When glass is rubbed with a silk handkerchief, what is the result to the silk, and to the glass?

2. Explain attraction and repulsion, and give instances.

3. Describe the construction of an electrical machine to make the rubbing permanent, and the excitation thus constant.

4. Show the arrangement for collecting from this machine A. Positive electricity.

B. Negative ditto.

5. In what form does electricity pass through the air, from one body to another? and to what is this analogous in nature?

6. Who first showed lightning and electricity to be identical? and by what means?

7. Give instances of the force of a powerful electrical discharge, as lightning, and the injury thus done.

8. Describe a simple experiment for illustrating this force.

9. By what arrangement may dangers from lightning be averted? Give instances of freedom from injury by this arrangement.

10. Explain the transmission in the cases of forked lightning and heet lightning respectively.

11. State accurately the cause and action of lightning.

12. Explain the construction of a Leyden jar; and hence the part of 1 body in which the electricity rests.

13. When a Leyden jar is filled with electricity, what is its condition? Hence explain the shock experienced on connecting the outside and inside.

14. When an electrical machine is used, where does the electricity come from which is collected?

15. Upon the principle of the polarization theory, what will be the condition of surrounding bodies when positive and negative electricity are respectively collected?

16. By this theory, explain collection and transmission of electricity. 17. What chemical agencies will produce the effect of a constant electrical excitation, and transmission of electric fluid ?

18. Describe the construction of a Voltaic pile.

19. Illustrate by a diagram, showing the collection and transmission of the electricity.

20. If the Voltaic pile be insulated, what is the result? Explain this result.

21. Describe the construction of an electric trough.

22. Give an account of the effect of electricity upon the muscles and nerves of animals.

23. Describe the "torpedo."

24. Upon what grounds may the "Aurora Borealis " be thought to be caused by electrical agency?