hawa, wind,' dawá, ‘medicine,' which do not

میرزا تو مولا, change their terminations as دوا مین هوا پر . و

Nouns and Arabic adjectives feminine ending in ›, girah, ‘a knot,' all ḥámila, ‘pregnant,' do

as a

not change their terminations, as knot,'

girah ká, ‘of a

hámila 'aurat ko, 'to a pregnant

woman;' also nouns of masculine gender ending in preceded by a long vowel, as well as words of one syllable, do not change their terminations, as

bádsháh ká, ́of the king,'

tain,'

as munh men, 'in the month,' etc.

منه مين

nouns as I, I,las, etc. become bari, etc. when

ميرا

the qualified and possessive nouns, whether singular or

plural, are of the feminine gender, as

bari

هماري ,meri batein, my words ميري باتين ,things

بستي

hamári basti, our country.' Sometimes the nouns

of both genders are put before their adjectives and pos

sessive pronouns, without affecting the change, as

́a large house,'a high word,''my

All nouns in the nominative or accusative case singular,

and not ending in changeable or 8, ought to be made plural by adding to them the affix, as

- mar مردان

dán, men ;' but in Hindústání or Urdú this plural affix is never used in the nominative and accusative cases (except in phrases borrowed from the Persian), the singular form of the noun serving for the singular and plural in both cases, as

وه ,it is a man وہ مرد هی سیب کھایا ,they are men ، مرد هین main ne مين ني

seb kháyá, 'I ate an apple,'

seb khae, he ate the apples.'

أس ني

us ne

Nouns changeable ending in and are made plural by changing the finals into se in the nominative and accusative cases, as a horse,' 'horses;'

گھوڑی

خربوزه melons; or خربوزي ,a melon ميري گهوري

.take melons خربوزي لو ',my horses

Nouns radical ending in and admit the in their plural, but the euphonic intervenes between the noun and the affix, if the former end in, as 'master,'

بادشاهان ,a king ' بادشاہ '; maulayan, masters مولایان

badshahán, 'kings;' but in Hindústání these nouns are also used in the plural without the affix.

Note. The particle ne inflects pronouns of the third person, as well as other pronouns, the changeable nouns, both singular and plural, and also the radical plural nouns, in the same manner as they are inflected

,he struck أس or أن في مارا in the oblique cases, as جس or جن في مارا ,they struck ، أنهون في مارا

'who

گھوڑي في who struck ، جنهون في مارا(struck, sing ,the horses ate " گھوڑون في کھایا ,the horse ate ' کھایا .the men saw, etc ' مردون في ديكها

OF FEMININE PLURALS IN THE NOMINATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE CASES.

All nouns feminine singular, not ending in, are

بات en as این made plural by adding to them the aflix

,gae, a cow گاي ,dawdsein, medicines دوائیں ',cine

gaven, 'cows.' (See p. 19).

Nouns ending ini admit the affix after them,

ي

as

هوائي ; rotiyan, breads روتیان rot, bread, روتي

hawái, a rocket,' hawáiyán, rockets.'

Exceptions.-The feminine diminutives formed by adding or to a few nouns, as burhiya, a poor old

,khatiyd کھتیا '; burhi, an old woman بوڑهي woman, from ,a bedstead کهت or هات a small bedstead, from

بڑهیان

ن

etc., are made plural by adding to them, as

burhiyán, etc. In the oblique cases the is rejected, as

burhiyon ká. The plural of

jorú, ‘wife,'

کا

جورون jorunein in the nominative case, and جوروين is

the noun is affected by any of those vowels, as

بيتي

ri

an old woman,'

'wife.' It

is also obtained by adding to some words, as

Nouns of both genders in the oblique cases (except

the accusative) are made plural by adding to them the affix on, asghar, ..., gharon ká, “ḥ bát, ☺ báton ká, že maulá, mauláon ká, stöð háthí, 【 völd háthiyon ká, Š9 roth, rotiyon ká, etc., except pánw, 'foot,' and „gánw, ‘a village,' which are made, páwon,

روبیون

کا

gáwon; but the nouns ending in changeable and × reject those finals when they admit the affix after them

Adjectives have three degrees of comparison, although not exactly like those in English, viz., positive, as

اجها

.best of all سب سي

The words in Italic within parenthesis are of opposite

signification, as clean, white,' (mailá) 'dirty,” etc.

clean, white (mailá).

Le high, noble (adna).

good, excellent (burá).

l; free (ghulám).

.(high, tall nichi اونچا trustworthy be اعتباري

'itibár).

,(high, tall (past بلند