.(contented (hearts قانع (polite (bad-khulk خليق .

.(thick, strong (patla گاڑھا | good - tempered خوشمزاج

.(malignant (sahih مفید (faithful bad خیرخواه

straight, right (kaj) intelligent (be-wakúf)

ADJECTIVES OF COLOUR.

The words within parenthesis are synonymous.

Demonstrative, Relative, and Interrogative (see p. 43).

Note.

when used as a respectful pronoun in the

آپ کو آپ نی, آپ place of you' is indeclinable, a

as

etc. It requires the verb to be in the third person.

The verb is of two kinds, the one is called 'transitive,' and the other

مُتعدِّي

intransitive.' The con

jugation of these verbs having been already given in the preceding pages, it remains only to give here a few examples of their modifications, which are of frequent use in Hindústání. These are of three kinds-Passive, Causal, and Compound.

Note. The intransitive verb must in all its tenses agree with the nominative in number and gender, as must also the transitive verb in all, except the past tenses, in which it must agree in number and gender with the

object instead of the subject (except only the verbs

,

to bring when the former لا نا to speak, and بولنا

مين, تو

,

as

کو is unaccompanied by the postposition هم ; etc. killed a bird , أس or أن في حيا ماري

I,

مين or هم في شير مارا ني شير ماري

هم

I

I

or

or we killed tigers;' the same in the perfect and the pluperfect. But when the postposition is accompanied with the object, the verb then stands in the masculine singular, irrespective of the number and gender of both the subject and the object,

as

ني چڑیا کو مارا '; I or we killed a bird ، مين or

مين

or

هم في جڙيون کو مارا

I or we killed birds;'

or 'I or we killed a tiger;'

مين

في شيركو مارا هم

.I or we killed tigers مين or هم ني شيرون كو مارا

The particle (which inflects the pronouns as well as the nouns, see p. 140), is placed after the nominatives of these tenses or verbs only for the sake of distinction between them and the nominatives of other tenses, consequently it is called the sign (c) of the nominative of the past tense of the active verb.

فعل مجهول) PASSIVE VERB

Passive verbs are formed by putting a past participle

مارا جانا to go or to be, as جانا before the verb

'to

be struck,' In conjugating these verbs, preserves its regular form, while the participle agrees with its nominative in number and gender, as

وہ مارا گیا

she was struck,

Causal or doubly transitive verbs (i.e. verbs which have two nominatives, the one principal and the other accessory) are obtained by adding, wd, and in some cases lá or lwá, to the roots of either transitive or intransitive verbs. The long vowels, viz.\, Ṣ,,, in monosyllabic roots are rejected by,,, or, as from 'sleep,'cause to sleep; give,'

كات

سونا

'cause to

give;' cut,'cause to cut;','keep,' e,

Zaid caused Bakr to زيد في عمر كو بكرسي مروا يا

strike 'Amar,' or 'Zaid caused 'Amar to be struck by Bakr.'

(فعل مركب) COMPOUND VERB

Compound verbs are formed of two words, the first