or

بہتا پاني موا بيل ,running water بهتا هوا پاني را هوا بيل or

a dead bullock.'*

to چکھنا to be cooked پکنا There are four verbs to write the final letters لكهنا to keep ' رکھنا ',taste

of whose roots are irregularly doubled in their past participles. The same duplication takes place in all the tenses of verbs, except those which are formed of the present participles, as cooked,' will be

(pl.) ́ tasted,' e, (pl.) 'may keep,'

write ye,' etc.

The present participle is used adverbially to denote

صبح

كي هوتي or صبح هوتي time, state, or conditions

باپ كي هوتي بيتي كو كون ,on its becoming morning

while the father remains who would ask or ' پوچھتا

the وہ عورت كاتي آتي هي ? take notice of the son

هي he comes‘ وہ چلتا آتا

woman comes singing,'

walking.' It also denotes, by its repetition, the excess of the action, and also its incompleteness, as

لکهتی

The regular form of the past participle of the verb

و

موا

هوا is not only employed when that participle is followed by مرنا

جایا but may also be used generally: the use of the regular form

is, however, restricted

of the verb

of the past participle

جایا چاهنا and جایا کرنا to the compound verbs

from excess or by dint لكهتي ميري هاته رهگلي

of, writing, my hands became stiff or motionless,'

he gave أسني هندوستاني سيکهتي سيكهتې چهوڑ دي

up learning Hindústání.'

The past participle, in its inflected form, also expresses some circumstance respecting the nominative,

as

ه ایک آدمي هاته مين خط لبي هوئي كهڑا هي

man, having taken a letter in (his) hand, is standing,' or a man with a letter in his hand is standing.' It

as

هوي may be used without

خط ليي كهڑا هي ایک شخص سپاهیانه or لشكري لباس پہني هوئي جاتا هي

a person dressed in a military uniform is going.'

REMARKS ON ARABIC DERIVATIVES.

In Arabic the derivative noun which is called! Jeli ism-i-fail, the active participle,' corresponds with the English nouns of agency, the present participles, and adjectives; that which is called Jul

ism-i-mafúl, passive participle,' corresponds with the past participles, and adjectives; and that which is called

ism-i-garf adverbial noun, points out اسم ظرف

locality. The learner's attention is earnestly called to the following forms, by which, when he happens to meet Arabic words corresponding with them, he will at once be able to discover to which form they may be referred.

اسم فاعل

Ism-i-fa'il has various forms, the first of which is that of the fá-il itself.

قاضي ,commander حاكم

.learned عالم ,consenting ' راضي ,judge

كريم ,well-bred ' شريف

2nd Form.-Ji fa'il, as

'bountiful,' 'delicious (to taste).'

3rd Form.- mufta'il, as 'beginner,'

مُبتدِي

معتدل waiting for منتظر ,agreeing, united متفق

temperate.'

interro مستفسر mustafail, as مستفعل.4th Form

'.auditor مستوفي deserving ' مستوجب ',gator

turning منحرف

6

5th Form- munfa'il, as

.revealed منكشف thin منحني from

distributor of ، منصف mufil, as مفعل.6th Form

مشكل entering مدخل ,writer ' منشي ,justice

,instructor معلم mufail, as مفعل.7th Form

the crier of the time for the مؤذن speaker ، مقرر

,fitting مناسب

prayer.'

8th Formele mufa'il, as 'fit,'conformable, agreeable,' servant.'

Ism-i-maj'ul, the passive participle, has as many forms as those of the fa'il; its first one, which corresponds with the 1st form of the fa'il, is the same as maf'ul itself,

as

و

.known, etc معلوم ,commanded محكوم

The

other forms corresponding with those of the fa'il (with the exception of the 2nd and 5th forms, which have no maf'ul answering to them) are just the same, but with a single exception, i.e., in the forms of the fa'il from 3 to 10, the last syllable is affected by zer, while in those of the maf'ul it is affected by zabar, as

متفعل,مفاعل, مفعّل مفعل, مستفعل, مفتعل

اسم ظرف

. متفاعل

Ism-i-zarf, adverbial noun,' has four forms, mafal, di maf'ala, maf'il, de

o

mafila.

محكمة ',slaughter-house ، مسلم It points out locality, as

́place of justice, court,' the place of rising of the sun,' the place of setting of the sun,' But nouns of these forms not referring to places are to be considered as verbal nouns,

'.field of battle معركه

Note.—A numerous class of compound verbs is formed by putting the Arabic present and past participles before the verbs and in the same manner as that which has been shown in the formation of com

pound verbs (see p. 147), as, to make one

',to know معلوم کرنا ,to consent ' راضي هونا ',consent .to be known, etc ' معلوم هونا

Arabic nouns representing males are made plural by in, to them, as

affixing

',commanders حاكمين

commanded men;' and those representing