happy consequences in the state of society in New England. Offices are multiplied to a useless degree, and beyond the ability of the country to fill them with advantage. Yet the fact, that so many of these subdivisions have been made, becomes a powerful reason for making more. He, who voted for the last, claims the suffrage of him who has been profited by that vote, in his own favor. In this manner a silly and deplorable ambition becomes a source of multiplied mischiefs to the community. Small parishes are unable, without serious inconvenience, to keep their churches in repair, and support their ministers. Small towns are often obliged to send diminutive representatives, because they can send no other. Small counties have often very imperfect courts, because they have no materials out of which to constitute better. Representatives also are in this manner multiplied beyond every rational limit. In most of the New England states the number is twice, and in Massachusetts at least three times as great as either experience or common sense would justify.'-vol. i. p. 146. The county of Hampshire, after having existed as a fine Doric column of industry, good order, morals, learning, and religion, in Massachusetts for more than a century, was by an unwise legislature broken into three parts. Of its ruins were formed the three counties, of Franklin on the north, Hampshire in the middle, and Hampden on the south; each of them extending through the original breadth of the county of Hampshire. One political purpose, intended to be accomplished by this disruption, was to destroy the firm order and sound principles of the inhabitants. How far this plan will succeed time alone can discover. From analogy it may be concluded, or at least rationally feared, that the inhabitants will lose some part of their elevation of character. Little counties almost of course have little officers, and little concerns; and the existence of these is but too commonly followed by a contraction of views, a diminution of measures, a destruction of influence, and a deterioration of character.'-vol. ii. p. 258.

New England was first settled by persons driven by religious persecution from their native country, and the inhabitants still exhibit traces of their descent from the Puritans. The first attempt to form a regular settlement here was at Sagahadock in 1607; but, in the following year, the whole number of those who survived returned to England. The first company that laid the foundation of the New England states, planted themselves at Plymouth, in November 1620; though this appellation was given to North Virginia by captain Smith in August 1614. The founders of the colony consisted of 101 persons. In 1640 the importation of settlers ceased, in consequence of the abatement of persecution in England. At this time the number of emigrants who had traversed the seas in 298 vessels, from the commencement of the colony, amounted to 21,200 men, women and children, forming, perhaps, about 4000 families. In 1760 the number of inhabitants in Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, amounted probably, to 500,000. Morse's Gazetteer.

ENGLECHERIE, ENGLESCHERY, OF ENGLE

SCHYRE, in old English law, the quality of being an Englishman. If a man were privately slain or murdered, he was anciently accounted francigena (which comprehended every alien, especially the Danes) till englecherie was proved, i. e. till it was made to appear that he was an Englishman. Bracton, lib. iii. This custom is traced to the reign of Canute, who having conquered England, at the request of his nobles, sent back his army into Denmark, only reserving a guard for his person (see ENGLAND); and made a law, that if any person was murdered, he should be supposed to be a Dane, if he was not proved to be an Englishman. In default of such proof, if the murderer was unknown, or had made his escape, the township where the man was slain should be charged to pay sixty-six marks into the exchequer : or, if that sum could not be raised thence, it was to be paid by the hundred. After this law, which was continued by William the Conqueror, for the like security to his own Normans, whenever a murder was committed, it was necessary to prove the party slain an Englishman, that the penalty of sixtysix marks might not be charged on the village. The manner of proving the person killed to be an Englishman was by two witnesses, who knew the father and mother, before the coroner, &c. Englecherie was finally abolished by statute 14 Edw. III. cap. 4.

ENGLEFIELD (sir Henry Charles), F. R. S. the last baronet of a family settled at the village and manor of this name, near Reading, ever since 1272. Sir Henry Englefield was born in 1752, and succeeded to the baronetage in 1780. In 1788 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and the year following of that of the Antiquaries. His numerous and elegant contributions to the Archæologia are a lasting monument of his erudition and taste. Besides these and various papers in the Philosophical Transactions, and the Transactions of the Linnæan Society (of which he was also a member), he published Tables of the apparent places of the Comet of 1661; and a tract On the Determination of the Orbits of Comets according to Boscovich and De la Place, 4to. 1793; A walk through Southampton, with plates of its antiquities, 8vo. 1801; A Description of the principal Picturesque Beauties and Geological Phe nomena of the Isle of Wight, 4to, and folio 1816; and a metrical translation of the Andria of Terence. On the decease of marquis Townsend he was for a short time president of the Antiquarian Society. He died March 21st, 1822, at his house in May Fair.

ENGLEFIELD BAY, a deep bay on the western shore of Queen Charlotte's Island. It was so called by Vancouver, after the above sir Henry Englefield.

See

EN'GLISH, n. s., adj. & v. a. Sax. englen; Teut. englisch; Goth. englisk; Fr. anglois. the article ENGLAND. The people of England; the language of England; of or relating to England: as a verb, to translate into that lan guage.

He hath neither Latin, French, nor Italian; and you may come into the court, and swear that I have a poor pennyworth in the English. Shakspeare.

Their English tongue reacheth along the east coast into the farthest parts of Scotland; and the people hereof are called the English. Camden's Remains.

We find not a word in the text can properly be rendered anise, which is what the Latins call anethum, and properly englished dill.

Browne. Of English talc, the coarser sort is called plaister, or parget; the finer, spoad. Woodward,

ENGLISH BIBLE. In the article BIBLE, we have given an account of the formation of the sacred canon of the Old and New Testaments. The English versions of the Scriptures, however, were felt to be sufficiently important to demand separate consideration.

The earliest portion of Scripture that ever appeared in the language of this country was a translation of the psalms into Saxon by Adhelm or Adelme, the first bishop of Sherborne, about the year 706. A Saxon version of the four gospels was made by Egbert, bishop of Lindisfern, who died A. D. 721; and, a few years after, the venerable Bede translated the entire Bible into that language. Nearly 200 years after Bede, king Alfred executed another translation of the psalms, either to supply the loss of Adhelm's (which is supposed to have perished in the Danish wars), or to improve the plainness of Bede's version. A Saxon translation of the Pentateuch, Joshua, part of the books of Kings, Esther, and the apocryphal books of Judith, and the Maccabees, is also attributed to Elfric or Elfred, who was archbishop of Canterbury, A. D. 995. Several centuries now elapsed, during which the Scriptures appear to have been buried in oblivion, the general reading of them being prohibited by the papal see. The first English translation of the Bible known to be extant was executed by an unknown individual, and is placed by archbishop Usher to the year 1290: of this there are three manuscript copies preserved in the Bodleian library, and in the libraries of Christ Church and Queen's Colleges, at Oxford. Towards the close of the following century, John de Trevisa, vicar of Berkeley in the county of Gloucester, at the desire of his patron, lord Berkeley, is said to have translated the Old and New Testaments into the English tongue. But, as no part of this work appears ever to have been printed, the translation ascribed to him is supposed to have been confined to a few texts, which were painted on the walls of his patron's chapel at Berkeley castle, or which are scattered in some parts of his works, several copies of which are known to exist in manuscript.

Nearly contemporary with Berkeley was the celebrated John Wickliffe, who, about the year 1380, translated the entire Bible from the Latin Vulgate into the English language as then spoken, not being sufficiently acquainted with the Hebrew and Greek languages to translate from the originals. Before the invention of printing, transcripts were obtained with difficulty, and copies were so rare, that, according to the registry of William Alnewick, bishop of Norwich, in 1429, the price of one of Wickliffe's Testaments was not less than four marks and forty

pence, or £2 16s. 8d., a sum equivalent to more than £40 at present. This translation of the Bible, we are informed, was so offensive to those who were for taking away the key of knowledge and means of better information, that a bill was brought into the house of lords, 13 Rich. II., A. D. 1390, for the purpose of suppressing it. On which the duke of Lancaster, the king's uncle, is reported to have spoken to this effect: 'We will not be the dregs of all, seeing other nations have the law of God, which is the law of our faith, written in their own language.' At the same time he declared in a very solemn manner, That he would maintain our having this law in our own tongue against those, whoever they should be, who first brought in the bill.' The duke was seconded by others, who said, 'That if the Gospel, by its being translated into English, was the occasion of running into error, they might know that there were more heretics to be found among the Latins than among the people of any other language. For that the decretals reckoned no fewer than sixty-six Latin heretics; and so the Gospel must not be read in Latin, which yet the opposers of its English translation allowed.' Through the duke of Lancaster's influence the bill was rejected; and this success gave encouragement to some of Wickliffe's followers to publish another and more correct translation of the Bible. But in the year 1408, in a convocation held at Oxford by archbishop Arundel, it was decreed by a constitution, 'That no one should thereafter translate any text of Holy Scripture into English, by way of a book, or little book, or tract; and that no book of this kind should be read, that was composed lately in the time of John Wickliffe, or since his death.' This led the way to great persecution, and many persons were punished severely, and some even with death, for reading the Scriptures in English.

For the first printed English translation of the Scriptures we are indebted to William Tindal, who, having formed a design of translating the New Testament from the original Greek into English, removed to Antwerp in Flanders for this purpose. Here, with the assistance of the learned John Fry, or Fryth, who was burned on a charge of heresy in Smithfield in 1552, and a friar, called Wm. Roye, who suffered death on the same account in Portugal, he finished it, and in the year 1526 it was printed either at Antwerp orHamburgh, without a name, in a middle sized 8vo. volume, and without either calendar, references in the margin, or table at the end. Tindal aunexed a pistil at the close of it, in which he desyred them that were learned to amende if ought were found ainysse.' Le Long calls this 'the New Testament translated into English, from the German version of Luther;' but for this degrading appellation he seems to have no other authority besides a story related by one Cochlæus, an enemy of the reformation, with a view of depreciating Tindal's translation. Many copies of this translation found their way into England; and to prevent their dispersion among the people, and the more effectually to enforce the prohibition published in all the dioceses against reading them, Tonstall, bishop of London, purchased all the remaining copies of this edition.

and all which he could collect from private hands, and committed them to the flames at St. Paul's cross. The first impression of Tindal's translation being thus disposed of, several other numerous editions were published in Holland, before the year 1530, in which Tindal seems to have had no interest, but which found a ready sale, and those which were imported into England were ordered to be burned. On one of these occasions, Sir Thomas More, who was then chancellor, and who concurred with the bishop in the execution of this measure, enquired of a person who stood accused of heresy, and to whom he promised indemnity, on consideration of an explicit and satisfactory answer, how Tindal subsisted abroad, and who were the persons in London that abetted and supported him; to which enquiry the heretical convert replied, It was the bishop of London who maintained him, by sending a sum of money to buy up the impression of his testament.'

In 1530 a royal proclamation was issued, by the advice of the prelates and clerks, and of the universities, for totally suppressing the translation of the Scripture, corrupted by William Tindal. The proclamation set forth, that it was not necessary to have the Scriptures in the English tongue, and in the hands of the common people; that the distribution of them, as to allowing or denying it, depended on the discretion of their superiors; and that, considering the malignity of the time, an English translation of the Bible would rather occasion the continuance, or increase of errors, than any benefit to their souls. However, the proclamation announced the king's intention, if the present translation were abandoned, at a proper season, to provide that the Holy Scriptures should be by great, learned, and catholic persons, translated into the English tongue, if it should then seem convenient. In the mean time, Tindal was busily employed in translating from the Hebrew into the English the five books of Moses, in which he was assisted by Miles Coverdale. But his papers being lost by shipwreck in his voyage to Hamburgh, where he designed to print it, a delay occurred, and it was not put to press till the year 1530. It is a small 8vo., printed at different presses, and with different types. In the preface he complained, that there was not so much as one i in his New Testament, if it lacked a tittle over its head, but it had been noted, and numbered to the ignorant people for an heresy, who were made to believe, that there were many thousand heresies in it, and that it was so faulty as to be incapable of amendment or correction. In this year he published an answer to Sir Thomas More's Dialogue, containing his reasons for the changes he had introduced into his translation. The three former editions of Tindal's English New Testament being all sold off, the Dutch booksellers printed a fourth in this year, in a smaller volume and letter. In 1531 Tindal published an English version of the prophet Jonah, with a prologue, full of invective against the church of Rome. Strype supposes that before his death he finished all the Bible but the Apocrypha, which was translated by Rogers; but it seems more probable that he translated only the historical parts.

In 1534 was published a fourth Dutch edition, or the fifth in all, of Tindal's New Testament, in 12mo. In this same year Tindal printed his own edition of the New Testament in English, which he had diligently revised and corrected; to which is prefixed a prologue; and at the end are the pistils of the Old Testament, closing with the following advertisement :- Imprinted at Antwerp, by Marten Emperour, anno M. D. xxxiv.' Another edition was published this year, in 16mo. and printed in a German letter. Hall says, in his Chronicle, printed during the reign of Henry VIII. by Richard Grafton, the benefactor and friend of Tindal; William Tindal translated the New Testament, and first put it into print; and he likewise translated the five books of Moses, Joshua, Judicum, Ruth, the books of Kings, and books of Paralipomenon, Nehemiah, and the first of Esdras, and the prophet Jonas; and no more of the Holy Scriptures.' Upon his return to Antwerp, in 1531, king Henry VIII. and his council, contrived means to have him seized and imprisoned. After long confinement he was condemned to death by the emperor's decree in an assembly at Augsburgh; and in 1536 he was strangled at Villefort, near Brussels, the place of his imprisonment, after which his body was reduced to ashes. He expired, praying repeatedly and earnestly, Lord, open the king of England's eyes.' Several editions of his Testament were printed in the year of his death. Tindal had little or no skill in the Hebrew, and therefore he probably translated the Old Testament from the Latin. The knowledge of languages was in its infancy; nor was our English tongue arrived at that degree of improvement which it has since attained; it is not, therefore, surprising, that there should be many faults in this translation which need amendment. This, indeed, was a task, not for a single person, but requiring the concurrence of many, in circumstances much more favorable for the execution of it than those of an exile. Nevertheless, although this translation is far from being perfect, few first translations, says Dr. Geddes, will be found preferable to it.

6

In 1535 the whole Bible, translated into English, was printed in folio, and dedicated to the king by Miles Coverdale, a man greatly esteemed for piety, knowledge of the Scriptures, and di igent preaching; on account of which qualities king Edward VI. advanced him to the see of Exeter. In his dedication and preface, he observes to this purpose, that, as to the present translation, it was neither his labor nor his desire to have this work put into his hand; but when others were moved by the Holy Ghost to undertake the cost of it,' he was the more bold to engage in the execution of it. Agreeably, therefore, to desire, he set forth this special' translation, not in contempt of other men's translation, or by way of reproving them, but humbly and faithfully following his interpreters, and that under correction. Of these, he said, he used five different ones, who had translated the Scriptures not only into Latin, but also into Dutch. He further declared, that he had neither wrested nor altered so much as one word for the maintenance of any manner of sect, but had with a clear con

science purely and faithfully translated out of the foregoing interpreters, having only before his eyes the manifest truth of the Scriptures. But because such different translations, he saw, were apt to offend weak minds, he added, that there came more understanding and knowledge of the Scripture by these sundry translations, than by all the glosses of sophistical doctors; and he therefore desires, that offence might not be taken, because one translated scribe,' and another 'lawyer,' one repentance,' and another penance,' or amendment." This is the first English Bible allowed by royal authority; and also the first translation of the whole Bible printed in our language. It was called a 'special' translation, because it was different from the former English translations; as Lewis has shown by comparing it with Tindal's. It is divided into six tomes or parts, adorned with wooden cuts, and furnished with Scripture references in the margin. The last page has these words:- Prynted in the yeare of our Lorde, M. D. xxxv. and fynished the fourth day of October.' Of this Bible, there was another edition in a large 4to., 1550, which was republished, with a new title, 1553; and these, according to Lewis, were all the editions of it. Coverdale, in this edition of the English Bible, prefixed to every book the contents of the several chapters, and not to the particular chapters, which was afterwards the case: and he likewise omitted all Tindal's prologues and notes. Soon after this Bible was finished, in 1536, lord Cromwell, keeper of the privy seal, and the king's vicar-general and vicegerent in ecclesiastical matters, published injunctions to the clergy by the king's authority, the seventh of which was, that every parson, or proprietary of any parish church within this realm, should, before the 1st of August, provide a book of the whole Bible, both in Latin and in English, and lay it in the choir, for every man that would, to look and read therein; and should discourage no man from reading any part of the Bible either in Latin or English, but rather comfort, exhort, and admonish every man to read it, as the very word of God, and the spiritual food of a man's soul, &c. In 1537 another edition of the English Bible was printed by Grafton and Whitchurch, at Hamburgh, as some think; or, as others suppose, at Malborow, or Marpurg in Hesse, or Marbeck, in the duchy of Wittenberg, where Rogers was superintendant. It bore the name of Thomas Matthewe, and it was set forth with the king's most gracious licence.

In the following year an injunction was published by the vicar-general of the kingdom, ordaining the clergy to provide, before a certain festival, one book of the whole Bible, of the largest volume in English, and to set it up in some convenient place within their churches, where their parishioners might most commodiously resort to read it. A royal declaration was also published, which the curates were to read in their several churches, informing the people, that it had pleased the king's majesty to permit and command the Bible, being translated into their mother tongue, to be sincerely taught by them, and to be openly laid forth in every parish church. In the course of the year 1538 a quarto edition

of the New Testament, in the Vulgate Latin, and Coverdale's English, bearing the name of Hollybushe, was printed, with the king's licence, by James Nicholson. Of this another more correct edition was published in 1539, in 8vo., and dedicated to lord Cromwell. In 1538 an edition in 4to. of the New Testament, in English, with Erasmus's Latin translation, was printed with the king's licence, by Redman. In this year it was resolved to revise Matthewe's Bible, and to print a correct edition of it. With this view Grafton went to France, where the workmen were more skilful, and the paper was both better and cheaper than in England, and obtained permission from Francis I. at the request of king Henry VIII. to print this Bible at Paris. But, notwithstanding the royal licence, the inquisition interposed, and issued an order, dated December 17th, 1538, summoning the French printers, their English employers, and Coverdale, the corrector of the work, and prohibiting them to proceed; and the impression, consisting of 2500 copies, was seized, confiscated, and condemned to the flames. Some chests, however, of these books, escaped the fire, by the avarice of the person who was appointed to superintend the burning of them; and the English proprietors, who had fled on the first alarm, returned to Paris as soon as it subsided, and not only recovered some of these copies, but brought with them to London the presses, types, and printers, and, resuming the work, finished it in the year 1539.

In 1539 another Bible was printed by John Byddell, called Taverner's Bible,' from the name of its conductor, Richard Taverner; who was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, patronised by lord Cromwell, and probably encouraged by him to undertake the work, on account of his skill in the Greek tongue. This is neither a bare revisal of the English Bible just described, nor a new version; but a kind of intermediate work, being a correction of what is called 'Matthewe's Bible,' many of whose marginal notes are adopted, and many omitted, and others inserted by the editors. It is dedicated to the king.

In the year 1540 two privileged editions of the Bible, which had been printed in the preceding year, issued from the press of Edward Whitchurch. Lewis mentions three other impressions of the Great Bible,' which appeared in the course of this year; two printed by Whitchurch, and one by Petyt and Redman. Cranmer wrote a preface for the editions of the year 1540, from which we learn the opinions and practice of those times. In May of this year the curates and parishioners of every parish were required, by royal proclamation, to provide themselves with the Bible of the largest volume before the feast of All Saints, under the penalty of forty shillings for every month during which they should be without it. The king charged all ordinaries to enforce the observance of this proclamation; and he apprised the people, that his allowing them the Scriptures in their mother-tongue was not his duty, but an evidence of his goodness and liberality to them, of which he exhorted them not to make an ill use. In May 1541 one edition of Cranmer's Bible was finished by Richard Grafton; who, in the November following, com

pleted also another Bible of the largest volume, which was superintended, at the king's command, by Tonstal, bishop of Durham, and Heath, bishop of Rochester.

After the death of Cromwell the English translation was represented to the king as very erroneous and heretical, and destructive of the harmony and peace of the kingdom. In the convocation, assembled in February 1542, the archbishop, in the king's name, required the bishops and clergy to revise the translation of the New Testament, which, for that purpose, was divided into fourteen parts, and portioned out to fifteen bishops; the Apocalypse, on account of its difficulty, being assigned to two. Gardiner clogged this business with embarrassing instructions, and Cranmer, clearly perceiving the resolution of the bishops to defeat the proposed translation, procured the king's consent to refer the matter to the two universities, against which the bishops protested; but the archbishop declared his purpose to adhere to the will of the king. With this contest the business terminated; and the convocation was soon after dissolved. The Romish party prevailed also in parliament, which enacted a law that condemned and abolished Tindal's translation, and allowed other translations to remain in force, under certain restrictions. After the passing of this act, Grafton, the king's printer, was imprisoned; nor was he released without giving a bond of £300 neither to print nor sell any more English Bibles, till the king and the clergy should agree on a translation. In 1544 the Pentateuch was printed by John Day and William Seres; and in 1546 the king prohibited by proclamation the having and reading of Wickliffe's, Tindal's, and Coverdale's translations, and forbad the use of any other than what was allowed by parliament.

Soon after the accession of Edward VI. the stat. 34 and 35 Henry VIII. c. 1 was repealed, and a royal injunction was published, that not only the whole English Bible should be placed in churches, but also the paraphrase of Erasmus in English to the end of the four evangelists. It was likewise ordered, that every parson, vicar, curate, &c., under the degree of a bachelor of divinity, should possess the New Testament, both in Latin and English, with the paraphrase of Erasmus upon it; and that the bishops, &c., in their visitations and synods should examine them, how they had profited in the study of the Holy Scriptures. It was also appointed, that the epistle and gospel of the mass should be read in English; and that on every Sunday and holiday, one chapter of the New Testament in English should be plainly and distinctly read at matins, and one chapter of the Old Testament at even-song. During the course of this reign eleven impressions of the whole English Bible were published, and six of the English New Testament; besides an English translation of the whole New Testament, paraphrased by Erasmus. The Bibles were reprinted, according to the preceding editions, whether Tindal's, Coverdale's, Matthewe's, Cranmer's, or Taverner's; that is, with a different text, and different notes. But it is doubted, in the preface to king James's translation, whether there were any translation, or correction of a translation, made by king Edward's divines.

In 1562 the Great Bible,' viz. that of Coverdale's translation, which had been printed in the time of Henry VIII. and also in the time of king Edward, was revised by archbishop Parker, and reprinted for the use of the church; and this was to serve till that projected by his grace was ready for publication.

The English reformers, driven to Geneva, during the persecutions of queen Mary's reign, published, in 1557, an English New Testament, printed by Conrad Badius; the first in our language which contained the distinction of verses by numerical figures, after the manner of the Greek Testament, which had been published by Robert Stephens in 1551. R. Stephens, indeed, published his figures in the margin; whereas the Geneva editors prefixed theirs to the beginning of minute subdivisions with breaks, after our present manner.

In 1560 the whole Bible in 4to. was printed at Geneva by Rowland Harle; some of the refugees from England, continuing in that city for this purpose. The translators were bishop Coverdale, Anthony Gilby, William Whittingham, Christopher Woodman, Thomas Sampson, and Thomas Cole; to whom some add John Knox, John Bodleigh, and John Pullain; all zealous Calvinists, both in doctrine and discipline: but the chief and the most learned of them were the three first. Professing to observe the sense, and to adhere as much as possible to the words of the original, and in many places to preserve the Hebrew phraseology, after the unremitting labor and study of more than two years, they finished their translation, and published it; with an epistle dedicatory to the queen, and another, by way of preface, to their brethren of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Besides the translation, the editors of the Geneva Bible noted in the margin the diversities of speech and reading, especially according to the Hebrew; they inserted in the text, with another kind of letter, every word that seemed to be necessary for explaining any particular sentence; in the division of the verses, they followed the Hebrew examples, and added the number to each verse; they also noted the principal matters, and the arguments, both for each book and each chapter; they set over the head of every page some remarkable word or sentence, for helping the memory; they introduced brief annotations for ascertaining the text, and explaining obscure words; they set forth with figures certain places in the books of Moses, of the Kings, and Ezekiel, which could not be made intelligible by any other description; they added maps of divers places and countries, mentioned in the Old and New Testament; and they annexed two tables, one for the interpretation of Hebrew names, and the other containing all the chief matters of the whole Bible. Of this translation, there were above thirty editions in folio, 4to., or 8vo., mostly printed by the queen's and king's printer, between the years 1560 and 1616. Editions of it were likewise printed at Geneva, Edinburgh, and Amsterdam. To some editions of the Geneva Bible (as to those of 1599 and of 1611) is subjoined Beza's translation of the New Testament, Englished by L. Tomp

on.

In the year 1568 the Bible, proposed oy