ER'UDITE, adj. Į Fr. erudition; Span. ERUDITION, n. s. Serudicion; Ital. eruditione ; Lat. eruditio, erudio to teach, from rudis a rod, an important assistant in the mystery of teaching in all ages (Mason has observed that it often. conveys a sneer). Learned: a word of modern appearance in our language. Famed by thy tutor, and thy parts of nature; Thrice famed beyond all erudition. Shakspeare. The earl was of good erudition, having been placed at study in Cambridge very young. Wotton. To your experience in state affairs you have also joined no vulgar erudition, which all your modesty is not able to conceal; for to understand critically the delicacies of Horace, is a height to which few of our noblemen have arrived. Dryden. Some gentlemen, abounding in their university erudition, fill their sermons with philosophical terms. Swift. All or most of these inconveniences, may be avoided at an English university, provided a youth have a discreet tutor, and be himself of a sober and studious disposition. There classical erudition receives all the attentions and honours it can claim. Beattie. Such command we had, To see that none thence issued forth a spy, Milton. Finding themselves pent in by the exterior earth, they pressed with violence against that arch, to make it yield and give way to their dilatation and eruption. Burnet's Theory. An eruption of humours, in any part, is not cured merely by outward applications, but by alterative medicines. Government of the Tongue. Upon a signal given the eruption began; fire and smoak, mixed with several unusual prodigies and figures, made their appearance. Addison's Guardian. "Tis listening fear, and dumb amazement all, When to the startled eye the sudden glance Appears far south eruptive through the cloud. Thomson. ERVUM, the lentil; a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order thirty-second, papilionaceæ: CAL. quinquepartite, length of the corolla: stigma capitate. There are three species; of which the most remarkable are the following: 1. E. Gallicum, the French lentil, is twice the size of the common lentil, both in plant and seed; and is much better worth cultivation. It should be sown in March, after a single ploughing, in the ground that bore corn the year before. Manure is not absolutely necessary, though it will undoubtedly increase the crop. Its grass is said to be very copious; it may be mowed many times in the year, and affords a healthy as well as an agreeable food to horses, cows, and sheep: and good. Long and numerous pods ripen the milk of cows fed with it is said to be copious about the beginning of winter, which afford a new kind of legume, to be eaten as common lentils; when fresh, it makes admirable peas soup; dry, it is greedily eaten by the poultry. The dried herb is also a good resource for cattle in winter. It is cultivated in Britain, and grows on any kind of ground. 2. E. lens, the common lentil, is cultivated in cattle, or for the seeds which are used in meagre many parts of England, either as fodder for soups. It is an annual plant, and rises with weak stalks about eighteen inches high, garnished with winged leaves composed of several pairs of narrow lobes, terminated by a clasper or tendril, which fastens to any neighbour.n; plant, and is thereby supported: the flowers com out three or four together, upon short footstalks from the sides of the branches. They are small, of a pale purple color, and are succeeded by short flat pods, containing two or three seeds, which are flat, round, and a little convex in the middle. The seeds of this plant are most conmonly sown in March, where the land is dry; but, in moist ground, the best time is April. The usual quantity of seed allowed for an acre of land is from one bushel and a half to two bushels. If these are sown in drills in the same manner as peas, they will succeed better than' when sown in broad-cast: the drills should be a foot and a half asunder, to allow room for the Dutch hoe to clean the ground between them; for, if the weeds are permitted to grow among them, they will get above the lentils and starve them. ERYCINA, a title of Venus. See ERYX. ERYMANTHUS, in ancient geography, a mountain, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules is said to have killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystheus; who was so terrified at the sight, that he hid himself in a brazen vessel. ERYNGIUM, ERYNGO, or sea-holly, a genus of the digynia order, pentandria class of plants: order forty-fifth, umbellatæ. The flowers are collected into a round head, and the receptacle is paleaceous. There are eleven species, most of which are hardy herbaceous perennials, producing erect stalks from one to two or three feet high; with simple, entire, or divided prickly leaves; and the stalks terminated by roundish aggregate heads of quinquepetalous flowers, of white, blue, or purple colors. They all flower mostly in July, and the seeds ripen in September. They are propagated by seeds sown in a bed or border, either in spring or autumn. The plants are to be removed the autumn after they come up, into those places where they are designed to remain. E. maritimum grows naturally on the seacoasts of England and Scotland. The leaves are sweetish, with a light aromatic warmth and pungency. The roots are accounted aphrodisiac, and are kept candied in the shops. The young flowering shoots eaten like asparagus are very grateful and nourishing. ERYSIMUM, hedge-mustard, a genus of the siliquosa order, and tetradynamia class of plants: natural order thirty-ninth, siliquosæ. The SILIQUA is long, linear, and exactly tetragonal: CAL. close. There are fourteen species; of which the most remarkable is E. officinale, hedge-mustard, or bank cresses, It grows naturally in Britain under walls, by the sides of highways, and among rubbish. It is warm and acrid to the taste; and, when cultivated, is used as a vernal pot-herb. Birds are fond of the seeds; sheep and goats eat the herb; cows, horses, and swine refuse it. The seeds are said to promote expectoration, and excite urine and the other fluid secretions, and to attenuate and dissolve viscid juices, &c., by an acrimonious stimulating quality; but the taste discovers in them only an herbaceous softness void of acrimony: the seeds indeed are considerably pungent, and the roots in a small degree. ERYSIPELAS, n. s. Gr. ερυσίπελας. An erysipelas is generated by a hot serum in the blood, and affects the superficies of the skin with a shining pale red, and citron colour, without pulsation or circumscribed tumour, spreading from one place to another. Wiseman's Surgery. ERYSIPELAS. See MEDICINE. ERYTHEA, or ERYTHIA, an island said to have been either adjoining to, or a part of Gades; but nowhere now to be found by the description given of it by ancient authors. The poets feign this to have been the habitation of the fabulous Geryon, disarmed by Hercules, who drove away his cattle. ERYTHRÆ, in ancient geography, three towns: 1. in Etolia, on the Corinthian bay: 2. in Boeotia, near Platæa, and mount Citharon : 3. in Ionia, on the peninsula, at its extremity: with 4. a cognominal port. It was famous for an ancient temple of Hercules. ERYTHRÆUM MARE, erroneously called Rubrum, or the Red Sea, by the Romans. Thus, the ocean that washes Arabia and Persia, and extends a great way further, is denominated. Hence Herodotus says, that the Euphrates and Tigris fall into the Mare Erythræum. He also calls it the South Sea, on which the Persians dwell. It takes its name, not from its color, the error of the Romans, but from ERYTHRAS, the son of Perseus and Andromeda, whose kingdom lay on the confines of that sea. ERYTHRINA, coral tree, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants: natural order thirty-second, papilionacea: CAL. bilabiate, the one lip above, the other below; COR. vexillum very long and lanceolated. There are twelve species, all of them shrubby flowering exotics for the stove, adorned chiefly with trifoliate leaves, and scarlet spikes of papilionaceous flowers. They are all natives of the warm parts of Africa and America; and must always be kept in pots, which remain constantly in stoves in this country. They are propagated by seeds annually imported from Africa and America. They are sown half an inch deep in pots of light rich earth, which are then plunged in the barkbed of the stove; and, when the plants are two inches high, they are separated into small pots, plunged in the bark-bed, with frequent waterings, and as they increase the growth shifted into larger pots. The inhabitants of Malabar make sheaths of the wood, for swords and knives. They use the same, together with the bark, in washing a sort of garments which they call sarassas; and make of the flowers the confection caryl. ERYTHRONIUM, dog's-tooth violet, a genus of the monogynia order, and hexandria class of plants; natural order eleventh, sarmentaceæ. COR. hexapetalous and campanulated; with a nectarium of two tubercles adhering to the inner base of every other petal. There is only one species, which, however, admits of several varieties in its flowers, as white, purple, pale red, dark red, crimson, and yellow. The plants are low and herbaceous, with a purple stalk and hexapetalous flowers. All the varieties are hardy and durable; and may be planted in small patches in borders, where they will make a good appearance. They rarely perfect their seeds in this country, but may be propagated by offsets. In Siberia, according to Gmelin, they dry and mix the root of this plant with their soups. ERYTHROXYLÓN, in botany, a genus of the trigynia order, and decandria class of plants; CAL. turbinated; petals of the corolla have each a nectariferous emarginated scale at the base; the stamina are connected at the base; the fruit a bilocular plum. Species twelve, African and South American shrubs. ERYX, in fabulous history, a son of Butes and 574 Venus, who, relying on his strength, challenged ERYX, in ancient geography, a mountain of of art. ERZERUM, the capital of Armenia, and of a pachalic of the same name, is situated on a rising ground at the base of a chain of high mountains, generally covered with snow. streets are paved, and the houses, which are built The of stone, have terraces, on which grass grows which affords herbage for sheep; so that the town, when seen from an eminence, can scarcely be distinguished from a plain. Erzerum is protected on the south by a citadel, which is surrounded by a double wall of stone, and has four gates covered with iron plates. East of the city is an old brick tower, with a clock on its lofty summit. It is the most conspicuous building of the place. The mosques are numerous, amount ing, according to some writers, to forty and upwards: besides which there are two Greek churches and one Armenian. former have domes covered with lead, and are Several of the ornamented with gilt balls. There are sixteen baths. The markets are spacious and well supplied with provisions and fruit. of considerable extent are also established here, Manufactures and an extensive trade is carried on in copper, and in articles from Persfa, and from north-west Hindostan and its vicinity. amounting to 100,000 or 130,000, are Turks, The population, Greeks, Persians, and Armenians. tants are in general stout and healthy; but the The inhabicold during winter, which commences in August, is intense, and snow remains on the ground from October until March. visited by the plague in 1807, which carried off This town, however, was twenty-five of the inhabitants daily. It is governed by a pacha of three tails, who has a large but mean palace. Aleppo. 250 miles N. N. E. of ERZGEBIRG (i. e. the Metalliferous Mountains), a chain of mountains in the heart of Germany, between Saxony and Bohemia, and joining the Riesengebirg on the frontiers of Silesia. The highest summits are on the side of Saxony, where they sometimes rise to 3800 or 3900 feet above the level of the sea: the south front of them, on the Bohemian side, exhibits a number of peaks of basalt of a most romantic appearance. The country around the Schneeberg, one of the highest of them, is very barren and denominated the Siberia of Saxony. ERZGEBIRG, a circle of the kingdom of Saxony, separated from Bohemia by the foregoing chain, and containing 460,000 inhabitants, on a surface of 2300 square miles. Its principal towns are Freyberg (the capital), Altenburg, Chemnitz, and ESC Zwickau; and its chief branch of industry the working of the mines; which yield iron, copper, tin, lead, cobalt, bismuth, and arsenic. The yearly produce is averaged at from £300,000 to £100,000 sterling: the number of miners at 12,000. This circle is divided into seventeer bailiwics, of Sennacherib, and his successor in the kingdom from Lat. scala, a ladder. The act of scaling walls. a furious attack of a wall or rampart; carried on monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants. of shell-fish; indenture of margin (from the kles, which have greater gravity, were inclosed in stone. An inequality of margin; indenture. fall into the bay of Pensacola, in West Florida. He with a graceful pride, While his rider every hand surveyed, Dryden. ESCAPE', v. a., v. n., & n. s. Į Fr. echapper; ESCAPING, n. s. Span. and Port. escapar; Ital. scappare, from Lat. ex from, and capio to take. To take (one's self) away from; to fly; avoid; obtain exemption from; pass away unobserved: as a neuter verb to withdraw; avoid punishment or injury: as a substantive, flight; excursion: hence evasion or excuse, and mistake. Escape for thy life; look not behind thec, neither stay thou in all the plain: escape to the mountain, lest thou be consumed. Genesis. Benhadad, the king of Syria, escaped on horse. Chronicles. Should we again break thy commandments, wouldst thou not be angry with us till thou hast consumed us, so that there should be no remnant nor escaping? Ezra ix. 14. Men are blinded with ignorance and errour : many things may escape them, in many they may be deceived. Hooker. He might put on a hat, a muffler, and a kerchief, and so escape. Shakspeare. Merry Wives of Windsor. Make thee the father of their idle dreams, Id. He enjoyed neither his esoupe nor his honour long; for he was hewn in pieces. Hayward. St. Paul himself did not despise to remember what soever he found agreeable to the word of God among the heathen, that he might take from them all escape by way of ignorance. Raleigh. Pride and malice did not care so much for safety, as for conquest; it would not content them to escape Israel, if Israel may escape them. Bp. Hall's Contemplations. Loose 'scapes of love. Milton. "Tis still the same, although their airy shape All but a quick poetic sight escape. Denham. We made an escape not so much to seek our own, as to be instruments of your safety. Id. Since we cannot escape the pursuit of passions; and perplexity of thoughts, there is no way left but to endeavour all we can either to subdue or divert them. Temple. The reader finds out those beauties of propriety in thought and writing, which escaped him in the tumult and hurry of representing. Dryden. Had David died sooner, how much trouble had he escaped, which by living he endured in the rebellion of his son! Wake. There dwell the most forlorn of humankind, Immured though unaccused, condemned untried, Cruelly spared, and hopeless of escape. By him of Babylon, life stands a stump, There, like the visionary emblem seen And, filleted about with hoops of brass, Still lives, though all his pleasant boughs are gone. Cowper. Sweet are our escapes From civic revelry to rural mirth; Sweet to the miser are his glittering heaps; Sweet to the father is his first-born's birth. Byron. ESCAPE, in law, is of two sorts: ESCAPE, NEGLIGENT, is where one is arrested, and afterwards escapes against the will of the person that arrested him, and is not pursued with fresh suit, and retaken before the person pursuing has lost sight of him. By stat. Will. III. c. 26, the keepers of prisons conniving at escapes shall forfeit £500, and in civil cases the sheriff is answerable for the debt. and 9 ESCAPE, VOLUNTARY, when a man arrests another for felony, or other crime, and afterwards lets him go freely by consent; in which case, the party that permits such escape is held guilty, committed, and must answer for it. ESCAPE, ASSISTING IN. By stat. 16 Geo. II. c. 31, it is enacted, That persons who any ways assist a prisoner, committed for treason or felony, to attempt his escape from any gaol, shall be adjudged guilty of felony and be transported; and if the prisoner be committed for petit larceny, or other inferior offence, or upon process for £100 debt, &c., the offenders are liable to fine and imprisonment. And where any person conveys any arms, instrument, or disguise, to a prisoner in gaol for felony, &c., or for his use, without the privity of the gaoler, in order to an escape, though no escape be actually made, it is likewise felony and transportation. Also if one assist any prisoner to escape from any constable, or other officer or person in whose custody he is, by virtue of a warrant of commitment for felony, it is declared to be the like offence. See also stat. 6 Geo. I. c. 23, § 5. 24 Geo. III. c. 56. The indictment on the stat. 16 Geo. II. c. 31, must state that the instruments were conveyed to the prisoner with a design to effectuate his escape. But no indictment can be maintained on this statute for contributing to the escape of a prisoner committed on suspicion only. By stats. 13 Geo. III. c. 31; 44 Geo III. c. 92; and 45 Geo. III. c. 92, to render more easy the apprehending and bringing to trial offenders escaping from one part of the United Kingdom to the other, and also from one county to the other, is enacted, That offenders escaping from England to Scotland, or from Great Britain to + ESCHAR', n. s. An eschar was made by the cathæ retick, which we thrust off, and continued the use of escharoticks. Wiseman's Surgery. Escharoticks applied of ash-ashes, or blistering Floyer. plaster. When issues are made, or bones exposed, the eschar should be cut out immediately. Ireland, or vice versa, may be apprehended and conveyed back to the place from whence they escaped. By the said act 44 Geo. III. c. 92, offenders escaping with stolen goods from one part to another of the United Kingdom, may be tried in the place where the goods shall be found in their custody, and receivers in the place where they receive. By 54 Geo. III. c. 186, all warrants issued in England, Scotland, or Ireland, may be executed in any part of the United Kingdom. By the said acts 13 Geo. III. c. 31; Sharp's Surgery. 44 Geo. III. c. 92; and 45 Geo. III. c. 92, persons committing offences in one county may be ESCHARA, in natural history, a species of pursued and apprehended in any other county. coralline, or coralloid, the characters of which Stat. 52 Geo. III. c. 156, is for the more effec- are these: they are of a stony or coral-like hardtual punishment of persons aiding prisoners of ness, and resemble a woven cloth in their texwar to escape from his majesty's dominions, ture; and the microscope shows, that they conwhich is a transportable offence. See RESCUE. sist of arrangements of very small cells, whose ESCAPE-WARRANT. If any person committed surfaces appear much in that form. Linnæus or charged in custody in the King's Bench or makes it a species of millepora, in the class of Fleet prison, in execution, or on mesne process, lithophytes. The narrow-leaved hornwrack di&c., go at large; on oath thereof before a judge vides as it rises into narrow leaves made up of of the court where the action was brought, an regular rows of oblong square-shaped cells placed alternately by each other, and opposite to an escape-warrant shall be granted, directed to all sheriffs, &c., throughout England, to retake the equal number on the other side of the leaf, like prisoner, and commit him to gaol where taken, a honeycomb: from these leaves proceed other there to remain till the debt is satisfied: and a still smaller foliaceous ramifications, many of person may be taken on a Sunday upon an which seem to be connected at the lower part escape-warrant. And the judges of the respec- by tubuli, as in the corallines; by which means tive courts may grant warrants, upon oath to be they can ply to and fro more freely in the water. made before persons commissioned by them to The broad-leaved hornwrack, when fresh taken take affidavits in the country (such oath being out of the sea, is of a spongy soft texture, and first filed), as they might do upon oath made be- smells very fishy; but, when it has lain for some fore themselves. 5 Ann. c. 9. A sheriff ought not time on the shore, it becomes stiff and horny, to receive a person taken on escape-warrant, &c., like some sort of withered leaves. Both surfrom any but an officer; not from the rabble, &c., faces, when examined by glasses, appear to be which is illegal. 3 Salk. 149. A person being covered with cells; and, when a piece of it is arrested and carried to Newgate by virtue of an cut across, one may discover the thin membrane escape-warrant, moved to be discharged, because that serves as a base to the cells of each surface. he said he was abroad by a day-rule when taken; The form of the cells is very remarkable, each but, it appearing by affidavit that he was taken one being arched at the top, and contracted a upon the escape-warrant before the court of B. R. little at the lower part of the sides to make way sat that morning, they refused to set him at for the arches of the two next adjoining cells; so liberty. that by this particular construction no room is lost. The entrance of the cells is immediately under the arch of each cell, and the walls of the cells seem to be fortified with spines. Jussieu discovered small polypes extending themselves out of these cells, which he has described in the Memoires of the Academy of Sciences, 1742. ESCAPE POINT, a cape on the west coast of the island of Revilla Gigedo, in the North Pacific, so called by Vancouver, from landing here after being attacked by the savages in Traitor's Cove. It is in long. 228° 30′ E., lat. 55° 37′ N. ESCAPE RIVER, a river of North America, which runs into the Mississippi, in lat. 43° 35′ N. ESCA'RGATOIRE, h. s. Fr. A nursery of snails. At the Capuchins I saw escargatoires, which I took the more notice of, because I do not remember to have met with any thing of the same kind in other countries. It is a square place boarded in, and filled with a vast quantity of large snails that are esteemed excellent food, when they are well dressed. Addison. ESCHAL'OT, n. s. Fr. eschalot Ital. cepaletto, perhaps from Lat. cepula, an onion. Echalots are now from France become an English plant, managed after the same manner as garlick; only they are to be set carlier, and taken up as soon as the leaves begin to wither, lest the winter kill them. Mortimer's Husbandry. ESCHALOT. See ALLIUM. ESCHEAT, n. s., v. n., & v. a. French echet, from echoir to lapse; Lat ercado to fall from. Land forfeited to the lord or to the king; see below: the verb being derived from the noun, signifies to fall to a lord or the king; to forfeit. In the last general wars there, I knew many good freeholders executed by martial law, whose lands were thereby saved to their heirs, which should have otherwise escheated to her majesty. Spenser on Ireland. If the king's ordinary courts of justice do not protect the people, if he have no certain revenue or cheats, I cannot say that such a country is conquered. Davies on Ireland. At a Bartholemew fair at London, an excheator of the city arrested a clothier, and seized his goods. Camden's Remains. He would forbear to alienate any of the forfeited escheated lands in Ireland, which should accrue to the crown by reason of this rebellion. Clarendon |