He was fined for the sin of nonconformity, but this only confirmed him in his principles. He was then expelled in the sixteenth year of his age. Next followed the discipline of his father, which was also ineffectual to reclaim him. Being sent to France for the refinement of his manners, he passed two years in that country, learned its language and acquired its politeness. He then studied law in Lincoln's Inn till the plague broke out in 1665. He was sent to Ireland in 1666 to manage an estate of his father, but he there associated himself with the quakers, and in consequence he was recalled. He could not be persuaded to take off his hat in the presence of the king, or his father. For this inflexibility he was turned out of doors; upon which he commenced an itinerant preacher, and gained many proselytes. Though sometimes imprisoned he was persevering, and such was his integrity and patience, that his father became reconciled to him.

In 1668, having turned his attention to writing, he published a book, "The Sandy Foundation Shaken," for which he was imprisoned seven months. In vindication of the principles of this book, he wrote, during his confinement, his "Innocency with her Open Face," and also his famous work, "No Cross, no Crown." In 1670, he was apprehended for preaching in the street, and was tried at the Old Bailey, where he pleaded his own cause with the magnanimity of a hero. The jury returned their verdict "not guility." On the death of his father he received a plentiful estate, but he continued to preach, to write, and to travel as before. He was shut up in the tower and in Newgate. On his release he preached in Holland and Germany. It was owing to his exertions, in conjunction with Barclay and Keith, that the fraternity was formed into order. His controversial writings are modest and persuasive.

His book, "The Christian Quaker," is a sensible vindication of the doctrine of universal saving light. Some debts being due to Penn's father, at the time of his death, from the crown, and as there was no prospect of payment very soon in any other mode, Penn solicited a grant of lands in America, and in 1681 obtained a charter of Pennsylvania. The colony was planted in the same year, though before this time some Dutch and Swedes had settled in the province. In 1682, Penn himself arrived, and established a government, allowing perfect liberty of conscience. He made honest purchases of the Indians, and treated them with great tenderness. He formed a plan of a capital city, and called it Philadelphia. Two years after it was founded it contained two thousand inhabitants. In 1684, Mr. Penn returned to England. One great motive for his return was to exert his influence in favor of his suffering brethren in Great Britain. He exerted it with success, and one thousand three hundred Quakers, who had been confined in prisons, were set at liberty.

While in England he was suspected of being a Papist, and an enemy to his country, and was a number of times arrested. But he continued his preaching and increased his controversial writings. In 1699, after fifteen years' absence, the American Lycurgus revisited his province. Having made some alteration in the government, he sailed again for England in 1701. He resumed his favorite employment, and continued it for a number of years. In 1712, he was seized by a paralytic disorder, and died July 30, 1718, in the seventy-fourth year of his age. Notwithstanding his large paternal inheritance he was continually subject to the importunity of his creditors, and obliged to mortgage his estate. His death prevented his surrendering his province to the crown. His posterity held it till the Revolution, his last surviving son, Thomas Penn, dying in 1775. Mr. Penn was a man of great abilities, of quick thought and ready utterance, of mildness of disposition and extensive charity. He was learned without vanity, facetious in conversation, yet weighty and serious, of an extraordinary greatness of mind, yet void of the stain of ambition. He published a multitude of tracts, large and small. The following is the title of his principal works; "No Cross no Crown, or several Sober Reasons against Hat Honors, Titular Respects, You to a Single Person, &c.," 4to, 1669; "Serious Apology for the People, called Quakers, against Dr. Jeremy Taylor," 4to, 1669; "The Spirit of Truth Vindicated in answer to a Socinian," 4to, 1672; "Quakerism. a New Nickname for Old Christianity," 8vo., 1672; "Reason against Railing, and Truth against Fiction," 8vo., 1673; "The Christian Quaker and his Divine Testimony Vindicated," folio, 1674.

hamlet in the neighborhood had once its quota of Friends, though now so destitute.

Attracted by the natural beauties of the scenery, and the more solemn interest of that particular spot, many parties, of all denominations, are tempted to pass a few hours at Jordans. An album is kept at the Meeting House, in which every visitor is expected to inscribe his, or her name. The burying ground is nearly full, but only a few of the graves can be identified; these are tenanted by William Penn, Gulielma Maria Penn, John Pennington, Mary Ellwood, Thomas Ellwood, Mary Frame and Joseph Rule, and in the piece of ground before alluded to, there is a vault in which Samuel Vandervaal and his wife are interred. In a memorandum found among the papers of the late B. Anderson, Vicar of Penn, and headed, "Some particulars relative to Jordans burial ground, from my old school-fellow, Adey Bellamy, and from Prince Butterfield, an old man who attended the meeting, we find that, contrary to the rest, William Penn's head lies to the south, and the remains of his second wife, Hannah Callowhill, are laid upon his;" also that Prince Butterfield related, that he saw William Penn's leaden coffin, when the grave was opened to bury his second wife."

Many meetings in and around large cities and towns, are, in early times, continually spoken of as being subject to interruption, from the officers of peace and justice, who, at that time, possessed the reins of power, and exercised their authority in a most arbitrary manner, upon all dissenters, and particularly upon the Society of Friends; they, as Thomas Ellwood observes, by their bold and truly Christian behavior, not a little displeased their persecutors, who, fretting, complained that the stubborn Quakers brake their strength." Perhaps from the secluded situation of Jordans, the storms which made such havoc in other places rarely descended here; no mention is made of any such interruption occurring after the erection of the meeting-house, and only on one occasion previous to that time, when the meeting was held in a private room; there are full particulars of this in the Monthly Meeting books, which must be interesting to the reader, and have never before been published ; they are therefore introduced here.

"Upon the 24th day of the Fifth Month, 1670, some of the people of God (whom the world calls Quakers) were peaceably met together, at the house of William Russel at Jordans, in the parish of Giles Chalfont, to wait upon and worship the Lord God of heaven, in truth and sincerity, according to the requirings of his good spirit, and as the Holy Scriptures direct, in which religious exercises we were seated together, attentively giving heed unto what ye Lord by ye mouthe of one of his servants did at the time minister unto us. Henry Reading, one of ye constables of said parish, (who himself bears ye name of a professor, and is said to frequent the Presbyterian meetings in private,) came in among us, attended by one Ralph Lacy and John Dell, in ye character of informers, and one Richard Dutton, as an assistant, and showing a warrant under ye hand and and seal of one Edward Baldwin, of Wilson's Green, in the parish of Beaconsfield, a commissioner of the peace for the said county, he commanded us forthwith to go before him. But we who came together, not in man's will, but according to ye requirements of ye Lord, could not consent to break up our meeting in the will, or by the command of men. We therefore

after some

continuing, thus waiting upon the Lord, his servant, G. W., time, kneeled down to prayer, which when Lacy, the informer, perceived, he forthwith stepped aside, and, with a whistle called in another fellow, tenfold more a child of the devil than himself. This was Poulter, who like a savage brute, with hideous noises, rushed in among us, laid hold on G. W. while in prayer, and in an outrageous manner dragged him along ye floor, not without great danger of hurt, had not the Lord prevented him. A fitter instrument than this fellow, could satan scarcely have found, for, the rage and enmity, fury and madness, which appeared in his face, words and actions, rendered him rather a monster than a man. So extremely rude and Bedlam-like was his carriage among us, not discountenanced by ye seemingly fearful, but secretly envious constable, yet it seemed good to some Friends to step over to the justice, who lived about a mile off, and give him an account of their violent and tumultuous proceedings. They were no sooner gone, but Poulter followed them, and the constable him, leaving Lacy, Dell and Dutton to attend the meeting. After some time, the meeting ended, ye Friends departing to their homes. They that went to the Justice for justice, were fined-for Dell informed Poulter and Lacy, whom they knew at the meeting, and they swore it. Whereupon, warrants were issued out from ye said Edward Baldwin, to distrain upon ye goods and chattels of William Russel (at whose house the meeting was,) twenty pounds. Richard Skidmore, £2 15 Henry Treadway,

Robert White,

£2 10 5

2 10 Isaac Pennington, for his wife, There are also the names of Thomas Zachary, Henry Ball, Ralph Kemp, Thomas Dell, Henry Child and John Franklin, but the amount they had to pay is not stated.

NORWICH.

NORWICH, the capital of Norfolk county, is 108 miles north-east from London, contains about 62,000 inhabitants. The engraving presents a view of part of the city as seen from the south-west. The whole of the city was, till lately, surrounded by a wall, which when perfect was adorned by forty towers and twelve gates. The prospect of the city from a little distance is imposing and beautiful. The massive walls of the old castle crowning the summit-the lofty spire of the cathedral and those of the parish churches rising in all directions, give it an air of magnificence. There is also an unusual share of rural scenery to be found in the limits of the city, arising from the many large spaces of ground that are laid out as gardens, or planted with fruit trees.

The name of Norwich is pure Saxon, and seems to signify no more than the northern town; although some interpret it, a northern situation on a winding river. About the middle of the seventh century it became the capital of the kingdom of East Anglia, and

The

the customary residence of the sovereigns of that state. bishop's seat was transferred from Thetford to this place in 1094. Soon after this time the building of the present Cathedral commenced.

South-west View of Norwich, showing the Castle (on the left) and the Cathedral.

It was the introduction of the woollen manufacture, however, in the middle of the fourteenth century, that established the wealth and eminence of Norwich. When the weavers, dyers, and dressers of woollen stuffs in the Netherlands, disgusted by the oppresssive restrictions imposed upon their trades by the corporations of their native country, and, tempted by the advantages offered them by the wise policy of Edward III, came over in great numbers to England, they principally established themselves at Norwich and in the surrounding towns and villages. The increase in the number of the inhabitants of the city, which took place soon after this, must have been very great, if we can give credit to what we are told by Stowe, and other of our old historians, that, in the great plague of 1348, there perished in Norwich, between January and July, above 57,000 persons. It is true that, in that part of the county, the pestilence is represented as not having spared above one in ten of the population. The city, however, gradually recovered from this blow, and continued to flourish, as it had done before, till two centuries after, when the memorable insurrection, known by the name of Kett's Rebellion, broke out in 1549. The commonality at this time had been made desperate by the oppressions of their superiors, and were ready to proceed to any extremities that held out a chance of releasing themselves from a yoke which they felt too burdensome to be longer borne. Kett, who was a tanner of Wymondham, easily collected many thousands of them while they were in this humor, and excited them to join him in an enterprise, the object of which seems to have been nothing less than the overthrow of all the established authorities of the kingdom. Like all other similar movements, however, that have ever been made by mere mobs, the attempt entirely failed, and only brought ruin upon its authors.