4. Circumstance; as, 'The general drew up his men in two lines.'

EXERCISE 1.

Write out the following sentences, marking them 1, 2, 3, or 4, accordingly as the extension of the predicate may exemplify these heads.

They were very grateful. My friend understands his business perfectly. He met us with a cheerful countenance. Our questions were satisfactorily answered. The view is exceedingly beautiful. The woman walked in great pain. The meat was carved with a blunt knife. My cousin came down in his travelling dress. We were excessively fatigued. He looked at us with a stern expression. The plan was arranged without the least difficulty. The concession was made with reluctance.

EXERCISE 2.

The pupil is to construct sentences similar to those above; classifying them accordingly as the extension of the predicate may exemplify the forms 1, 2, 3, or 4.

CAUSE AND EFFECT.

Adjuncts of cause and effect serve to extend the predicate in the following ways:

1. The cause, properly so called; as, 'He died of the small pox.'

2. The condition; as, 'With this assistance, he effected his purpose.'

3. The purpose; as, 'He travelled to gain information.'

4. The motive; as, They were prompted by revenge.'

5. The material; as, "The palace was made of glass.'

EXERCISE 1.

Copy out the following sentences, classifying them accordingly as the extensions of the predicate may exemplify No. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

Under these circumstances he declined entering into the negotiation. By adopting this plan you will be sure to do well. The merchant was ruined by the failure of this house. My brother went out to buy some books. The boy refused to join the party for fear of the consequences. The patient went abroad to re

cover his health. The new fortifications were constructed chiefly of earth. This asylum was built for the reception of idiots. With your permission I shall continue my remarks. The vessel was built partly of wood and partly of iron.

EXERCISE 2.

The pupil may be required to construct sentences with the predicate extended in any of the above five ways, and to classify them accordingly.

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES.

To analyse simple sentences, attend to the following rules:

1. Look for the verb, and mark it as the predicate.

2. Then find out and mark the subject to that verb.

3. See what extensions the subject may have, and mark them accordingly.

4. If the sentence is active, look for the completion of the predicate.

5. See what circumstances of time, place, manner, &c., qualify the predicate, and mark them, under their proper heads, as extensions of the predicate.

The following method of analysis may be adopted.

SENTENCES TO BE ANALYSED.

1. Last night, the old tree at the bottom of of our garden was blown down by the violence of

the wind.'

Last night
the old tree
at the bottom

of our garden
was blown down..

by the violence.

}

of the wind.

extension of the predicate (time)
subject extended (by an adjective)
extension of subject (place)
predicate

extension of predicate (cause).

2. The governor of the colony read the proclamation to the people in a calm and steady voice.'

EXERCISE.

Let the learner analyse the following sentences according to the above method.

1. He desired them to disclose the plans to him. 2. His uneasiness was shared by all his followers. 3. The odium of Cicero's death fell chiefly on Antony. 4. Oxford was a school of great resort in the reign of Henry II.

5. Of the prevalence of monosyllables in our language we have already taken notice.

6. The beaver shows great sagacity in the formation of its dwelling.

7. We do not find anything described falsely or imaginatively in that performance.

8. Virtue alone is happiness below.

9. To enjoy present pleasures, he sacrificed future ease and reputation.

10. He drew shape after shape, scene after scene, castles and lakes, woods and caverns, from the unfathomable depths of his mind.

11. Shakspere is, above all writers, the poet of

nature.

12. He shot his sharp arrows at the heart of the proud man and the knave, the time-server and the hypocrite.

ON DIFFERENT FORMS OF SENTENCES.

There are three kinds of sentences; simple, complex, and compound.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE.

A simple sentence has but one proposition or assertion; and though, as we have seen, its subject and predicate may be extended in various ways, it has but one finite verb.

THE COMPLEX SENTENCE.

A sentence which, having but one principal subject and predicate, contains more than one finite verb, is called complex. Here, the principal proposition contains the leading assertion, and the other propositions are called subordinate.

Those who disapprove of this plan will signify their intention to oppose it to the secretary.

John was the worst king that ever sat on the throne of England.

Such were the difficulties to be encountered in this undertaking, that it was ultimately abandoned.