X. Departmental Notices. NOTICE TO COUNTY CLERKS. The 55th section of the Consolidated Common School Act enacts, that, "The County Clerk shall forthwith notify the Chief Superintendent of Education of the appointment and address of each such Local Superintendent, and of the County Treasurer; and shall, likewise, furnish him with a copy of all proceedings of the Council relating to school assessments, and other educational matters. It is essential, for the effective working of the system of Saturday Session.-The Committee appointed to wait upon the Assess- impossible. Mr. Carlyle further impressed on his hearers that they should ment Committee, at present revising the Assessment of Upper Canada, be ambitious, not of wealth, but of health; not of speaking, but of doing; reported having had an interview with the committee, aud that their and said that it seemed to him that the English and Americus, the finest proposition was favorably entertained. The report was accordingly fil d. nations in the world, were all going to wind and tongue. Ever the UniA paper was read by the Rev. Mr. Philipps-"On a few defects in the versities were suspected of cultivating mere vocality," and the results school law;" the subject was ably handled by the writer, and a sharp would appear sufficiently tragical by and bye. Silence was the universal discussion followed in which Messrs. Elliott, McMillan, Roberts and Wood duty of man and reversace the one thing needed in our education. The took part. Messrs. Wood and McMillan contended that no men or set of cultivation of pure and high thoughts was a noble ambition, greater than men ought to have a monopoly in the supply of school books. Mr Robert- the acquisition of all California, or "getting all the suffrages on the plant son contended that as our public schools were supported by the state, the just now.” authorities appointed by the state to protect our system, had a right to exercise their judgment in the selection of text-books for schools, and also to have a monopoly of the same, to recompense them for their trouble. He was satisfied the men composing the Council of Public Instruction would give ample justice in this respect, and would do nothing to mar the educational prospects of our common country.-Mr. Smith then read a paper "On the Common Schools of Ottawa," which pictured out to a great extent the advantages and disadvantages of our system as managed in Ottawa-Mr. Robertson said he was glad that a paper had been read on this subject, as it would enable us to compare systems in other cities with our own, and we thereby might deduce some practical benefit. Some men do not like to make known abroad any little defects at home, but that was not his disposition. He said the only remedy for evils of this Education, that the duty here assigned to County Clerks kind was to publicly expose them, he must say that our buildings were a disgrace to a christian community, but what could they expect from men who had no earthly interest in the welfare of our Commou Schoole, men who send their children to private schools and most inconsistently legislate for common schools. The Superintendent ought to be a regular practical teacher, and one that would influence the board to a proper sense of duty, and make them aware that according to law they are liable to be fined for neglect in providing proper accommodation for the comfort and health of our children. Mr. Woods, of Kingston, was sorry to hear of the state of affairs in the Capital of Canada, but the City of Kingston was not many years ago in the same dilemma, out of which they got by issuing debentures payable in 25 or 30 years at 6 per cent, thereby enabling them to build suitable Ward Schools and also a Central School. Mr. Elliott said the press ought to take hold of the matter, and agitate it. If that did not succeed, the rate payers ought to call a meeting according to act, and employ the necessary means to raise buildings independent of the Board. An excellent paper on The position and duties of Teachers" was read by Mr. Gibbon, Messrs. Thorburn, Elliott and Webster eulogized the Essay, and highly compli mented the writer on his success for the first attempt. Moved by Mr. Dow, seconded by Mr. Elliott: That the Secretary be requested to address a note to the different Grammar School masters of Central Canada, with a view to establish Branch Associations in their respective localities.-Carried. The Association then adjourned to meet again in Ottawa next December.-Citizen. should be promptly and regularly performed, and we regret to have to remind some of those officers that their neglect in this matter has, in several cases, occasioned much inconvenience. PROVINCIAL CERTIFICATES GRANTED BY THE CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION. The Chief Superintendent of Education, on the recommendation of the Masters of the Normal School, and under the authority of the following section of the Upper Canada Consolidated Common School Act, 22 Victoria, chap, 64, has granted to the undermentioned students of the Normal School, Provincial Certificates of Qualification as Common School Teachers in any part of Upper Canada : "107. The Chief Superintendent of Education, on the recommendation of the Teachers in the Normal School, may give to any Teacher of Common Schools a Certificate of Qualification, which shall be valid in any part of Upper Canada until revoked; bat no such certificate shall be given to any person who has not been a student in the Normal School." The certificates are divided into Classes, in harmony with the general programme, according to which all teachers in Upper Canada are required to be examined and classified, and are valid until revoked, or until the expiration of the time mentioned in the certificate. Each certificate is numbered and recorded in the Register of the Department, in the following order: SEMINARY OF QUEBEC.-We learn that the Rev. M. E. Methot was yesterday elected Superior of the Seminary of Quebec. He becomes hereby Rector of Laval University, which title is by right attached to that of Superior of the Seminary. This election has produced other charges in the administration: Rev. E. A. Taschereau has been elected Director of 2208 the Grand Seminary; Rev. Adolphe Legare, Procurator; Rev. Cyrille Legare, Prefect of Stu lies, and Director of the Little Seminary, with Rev. Victor Legasse as Assistant. The pensionnal of the University will be under the direction of the Rev. O. Audel. The College of Levis will con tinue to have Rev, P. Roussel for Director.-Journal de Quebec. 2209. 2210. THIRTY-FIFTH SESSION.-DATED 15TH JUNE, 1866. First Class-Grade A. (2061, 2119). First Class-Grade B. 2125). Second Class-Grade B: 2223. Barrett, Thomas. 2224. Barrie, Georg. 2235. Blatchford, William. 2227. Clending ing. William Seott, 2530. Kean, Reuben (1576, 2060.) 23 2. Luttrell, William. EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY. In consequence of the appointment of Mr. 2212. Goldsmith, Stephen (2013, 2231. Kennedy, Neil. David Masson to the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh, (for which Dr. Wilson of Toronto was a candidate.) the vacancy caused by his retirement from the professorship of English Language and Literature in University College, Loudon, has yet to be filled up. One of the prominent candidates is Mr. W. F. Rae, late editor of the London Reader. Mr. Thomas Carlyle was recently installed as Lord Rector of the Edinburgh University. More than two thousand spectators were present, and Mr. Carlyle was received with enthusiasm. In a characteristic address to the students, he counselled them to learn, but not to "eram"; to find the pursuit they were fitted for, and to regard honest work as the best cure for all the maladies and the iniseries of mankind. Oliver Cromwell was perhaps the finest man in history, and "John Knox was the author of Cromwell." But for Knox, the English Puritan, revolution would have been First Class-Grade C. Second Class-Grade A. 2233. McCallum, John Sangster. Second Class-Grade C. The figures in brackets indicate the number of a previous Certificate obtained by the student named. 2250. Couzens, Emily (2171) 2253. Robinson, Annie (1595, 2166) Second Class-Grade A. 2255 Bentley, Kate (2085, 2169). 2256. Campbell, Jane Anu Jamesina 2257. Drury, Martha Jane (2190). 2258. Mathews, Agues Olivia. 2259. Meldrum, Margaret Jane. 2260 Nuthall, Phillis (2093. 2178). 2261 Palmer, Sarah Anne (2003). 2262. Saunders, Annie Maude 2263 Sutherland, Margaret (2184) 2264. White, Hester Ann. 2265. Young, Mary (2207). Second Class-Grade B. 2266. Bailey, Eliza. 2278. Harbottle. Mary Ann. Second Class-Grade C. 2295. Boyce, Martha Jane. DISTRIBUTION OF JOURNAL OF EDUCATION. Ju consequence of the number of Local Superintendents who, for various reasons, have declined personally to superintend the distribution of the Journal of Education in their respective townships, it is suggested that each Local Superintendent should make arrangements at the post offices within the bounds of their respective fields of labour, for the prompt and regular delivery of the Journal. All copies not called for within a reasonable time, should be returned to the Educational Department. SCHOOL REGISTERS SUPPLIED THROUGH School Registers are supplied gratuitously, from the Department, to Common and Separate School Trustees in Cities, Towns, Villages and Townships by the County Clerk-through the local Superintendents. Application should therefore be made direct to the local Superintendents for them, and not to the Department. NO PENSIONS TO COMMON SCHOOL TEACHERS Public notice is hereby given to all Teachers of Common Schools, or Teachers of the English branches in Grammar Schools, who are legally qualified Common School Teachers in Upper Canada, who may wish to avail themselves at any future time of the advantages of the Superannuated Common School Teachers' Fund, that it will be necessary for them to transmit to the Chief Superintendent, if they have not already done so, 2302. Scarlett, Mary Eliz'th (2203.) their subscriptions, at the rate of $5 per annum for each pre 2300. Pentland, Jane Matilda. 23 8. Sparling, Mary Jane 2304 Thompson, Mary Jane. COMMON SCHOOL MANUAL FOR UPPER CANADA. A copy of the last edition of the Common School Manual for Upper Canada, is supplied gratuitously to all new School Sections in Upper Canada. To other Sections the price is thirty five (35) cents, inclusive of postage, which is now payable in advance. All Local Superintendents retiring from office, are required by law to hand over to their successors the copies of the School Manual furnished to them by the Department, and all other official school documents in their possession. Extra copies of the Local Superintendent's Manual can be turnished for fifty (50) cents, including postage. ! ceding year, commencing with 1854, and at the rate of $4 per annum for the current year's subscription. The law authorizing the establishment of this fund provides, "That no teacher shall be entitled to share in the said fund who shall not contribute to such fund at least at the rate of one pound per annum." No pension will be granted to any teacher who has not subscribed to the fund, in accordance to the preceding regulations of the Council of Public Instruction. PUBLIC LIBRARY BOOKS, MAPS, APPARATUS, AND SCHOOL PRIZE BOOKS. The Chief Superintendent will add one hundred per cent, to any sum or sums, not less than five dollars, transmitted to the Department by Municipal and School Corporations, on behalf of Grammar and Common Schools; and forward Public Library Books, Prize Books, Maps, Apparatus, Charts, and Diagrams, to the value of the amount thus augmented, upon receiving a list of the articles required. In all cases it will be necesssary for any person acting on behalf of the Municipal or Trustee Corporation, to enclose or present a written authority to do so, verified by the corporate seal of the Corporation. Å selection of Maps, Apparatus, Library and Prize Books, &c., to be sent, can always be made by the Department, when so desired. Catalogues and Forms of Application furnished to School authorities on their application. *If Library and Prize Books be ordered, in addition to Maps and Apparatus, it will BE NECESSARY FOR THE TRUSTEES TO SEND NOT LESS THAN five dollars additional for each class of books, &c., with the proper forms of application for each class. The one hundred per cent. will not be allowed on any the terms mentioned above; they must be paid for in full, at sum less than five dollars. Text books cannot be furnished on the net catalogue prices. cents per line, which may be remitted in postage stamps or otherwise. LOVELL AND GIBSON, PRINTERS, YONGE STREET TORONTO. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER: I. GREAT SCHOOLS OF ENGLAND.-Harrow...... II. PAPERS ON THE ATLANTIC CABLE.-(1) History of the Atlantic Cable. (2) The Queen's Message to British America. (3) Messages between the Queen and President Johnson. (4) Submarine Cables. (5) The Northern overland Telegraph. III. PAPERS ON THE NEEDLE GUN.-(1) Prussian Needle Guu invented in Canada. (2) The Snider and Needle Guns....... 113 117 118 Canada. No. 8. PAGE value of the lands devoted to this purpose by the Founder appears to have been less than one-third of that of the lands given to the School. These proportions are now reversed. The present yearly value of the School estates is a little more than 1,000l.; that of the road estates is about 3,500l. The proceeds of the road estates are, under several Acts of Parliament passed within the present century, paid over by the Governors to the Commissioners of the Metropolis Turnpike Roads north of the Thames, and are applied partly to the paving of Oxford Street, and partly to the repairing, watching, IV. PAPERS ON PRACTICAL SCIENCE.-(1) The Trees and the Winds. (2) Waters of the St. Lawrence. (3) Miscellaneous Statistics of Canada. V. PAPERS ON DRAWING.-(1) Blackboard Drawing. (2) Receipt for making Blackboards.... VI. PAPERS ON PRACTICAL EDUCATION. (4) Thoroughness in the Schools. (2) Errors in the School Room. (3) Composition and Rhetoric....... VII. PAPERS ON THE PROFESSION OF TEACHING.-(1) Is Teaching a desirable Profession? (2) A Word about School Teachers. (3) Upper Canada Teachers' Association........ 119 120 121 122 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS.-(1) Lord Palmerston as an example to Public Men. 126 and lighting of other Metropolitan roads. There can be little IX. PAPERS ON METEOROLOGY.-(1) The Wet Weather and the Cholera. (2) Abstract of Monthly Meteorological Results...... 126 128 doubt that the appropriation made by the Founder of the rents of his different estates has led to a result which he never contemplated, and which is probably very remote from his in X. EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE.-Examination of Newboro' School..... GREAT SCHOOLS OF ENGLAND.* HARROW. Harrow School is a Grammar School, founded in 1571, by John Lyon, a yeoman living in the hamlet of Preston, within the parish of Harrow, "for the perpetual education, teaching, and instruction of children and youth of the same parish." The Governors are a Corporation by Charter. The Founder possessed several small estates situated at Harrow, and at Preston and Alperton, both hamlets in that parish, at Barnet, at Malden in Bedfordshire, and at Paddington and Kilburn in the parish of Marylebone. He conveyed these lands to the Governors by separate conveyances, and directed that the whole profits of the lands at Kilburn should be employed in repairing the highways from Edgeware to London and from Harrow to London, and that the whole profits of the Marylebone estate should be likewise devoted to the Harrow and London highway. The profits of his other estates were dedicated to the School, and to the maintenance of two Scholars at Oxford and two at Cambridge. The manner in which the rents were to be applied to these several purposes was left to the discretion of the Governors; but it does not appear that they were invested with any power to vary the purposes themselves, or to apply to one of them money which the Founder had appropriated to the other. The repair of highways was an object constantly associated in the sixteenth century with religious and educational trusts, and the * Abridged from the Report of the Public Schools Commissioners. Beside the rents of the School estates, there are the dividends on a sum of 1,4941. 178. 2d. Consols, which is held by the Governors in trust for the School. The total income, therefore, which the School derives from its endowments is less than 1,100l. a year, and this is charged with some small payments to local charities. The Governors hold also 9,7241, 5s. 7d. Consols on special trusts for Scholarships, Exhibitions. Prizes, and other like purposes connected with the School. GOVERNMENT OF THE SCHOOL. Under the Charter there are six " Keepers and Governors," who are empowered to fill up vacancies in their own body by the election of "fit and discreet persons" (or, according to the Founder's Statutes, "honest and substantial inhabitants") within the parish of Harrow. The Bishop of London is authorized to nominate to any vacancy which is not filled up within six weeks. By the Founder's Statutes the Governors are directed to meet once a year. They have the management of the property and expenditure of the foundation; they appoint the Head Master, and the Second Master or Usher; and have power to remove either of them for unfitness or misconduct. They are empowered also to admit boys on the foundation with the consent of the Head Master, to elect to John Lyon's Scholarships at the two Universities, "to see that the Schoolmaster and Usher do their duties, and that the scholars be well taught and used," and to determine all doubts and controversies relating to the School. Whenever they are equally divided, the question is to be referred to the Archbishop of Canterbury. It has been the practice of the Governors of Harrow to leave the From "foreigners" he was allowed to take such stipends and administration of the School entirely in the hands of the Head wages as he could get, unless they were of the kindred of the FounMaster. "The Head Master at Harrow," says Mr. Butler, "is der. The Founder, therefore, contemplated the reception of two completely unshackled by any superior administrative authority, classes of boys-poor boys belonging to the parish, who were to be and consequently it is open to him, and must therefore be his duty, taught gratuitously; and "foreigners," who were to pay for their to make such changes from time to time as may appear to him at schooling, and whom he expected to be a source of profit to the once desirable in themselves and opportune in respect of circum-Head Master. The number of each class was to be fixed by the stances." He appoints all the Assistant Masters, gives permission Governors at their discretion from time to time. to open.boarding-houses, and "is responsible for the financial arrangements of the School. EMOLUMENTS OF HEAD AND LOWER MASTERS. pense." A foundation boy is exempt from the annual payments for public tuition (15.); for mathematics (47.); for French and German (21. 58.); and half the fee (5.) for "school charges.' He pays annually 15l. for private tuition, 21. 10s. for school charges, and 7s. as a The Head Master receives from the Governors a small annual sti- fee for the bathing-place, making 177. 178 in all; whilst a home pend, and an allowance for coals, making together 501. a year. He border who is not on the foundation pays for the same advantages receives also a small annual payment (21. 10s.) from every boy on 411. 5s. "Private " tuition having become a part of the regular the foundation; and 51. from every member of the English system of teaching at Harrow, a foundationer receives it as a matForm," a phrase which will be explained hereafter. His emolu-ter of course, and is expected to pay for it. If payment were rements, however, really arise from two principal sources-from the fused, "some arrangement," says Mr. Butler, would probably annual payments and payments on entrance made by boys not on be made by the Head Master and the tutor for bearing the exthe foundation, and from the profits of a large boarding-house, which holds 63 boys when full. From the first of these sources he derives, when the School is full, between 8,000l. and 9,000l. a year; from the second, about 1,400. His total gross receipts, assuming the number of non-foundationers to be 450, are calculated by himself at about 10,000l. a year. His gross receipts, however, far exceed his net income. By various charges and deductions enumerated in Mr. Butler's answers to the Commissioners, the 10,000l. is reduced to 6,2881., and the income which he can really consider his own is practically, it is said, even less than this. There is no building-fund at Harrow; the revenues of the foundation are inconsiderable; and it has been usual for the Head Master to subscribe largely to those new buildings and improvements which the growth of the School has demanded, whilst the expense of maintaining them (which there are no funds to meet) falls on him alone. The Second or Lower Master, the "Usher" of the old Grammar School, has at Harrow no specific powers or duties other than those of the Assistant Masters. He is supposed to have charge of the Lower School, that is, of the Fourth and Third Forms, but it does not appear that he exercises in practice any peculiar control over He is, however, appointed and removable by the Governors alone, and receives from the income of the foundation a customary stipend of 491. 8s. 4d. He receives also a capitation payment of 31. on account of every boy not on the foundation; and, under a recent arrangement, pays 300l. a year to a Master who takes a division of the Fourth Form. it. The number of Classical Assistant Masters, exclusive of the Lower Master, is 14. Their emoluments consist of a stipend of 150l. a year paid to each of them by the Head Master, (it was ori ginally 601., and was raised to its present amount by Dr. Vaughan) of the payment (15l.) which they receive as tutors from each private pupil, and the profits of boarding. The number of pupils whom each tutor is allowed to take is limited to 40, a restriction which has not been extended to some of the older tutors. The profits of a boarding-house are variously estimated. A Master who has a house of 50 boys, the largest in Harrow, estimates his profits on board alone at 151. per head, and the same estimate is adopted by other Masters having 41, 36, and 28 boys respectively. Another, who has 35, calculates it at 187. The payment for board, &c., exclusive of tuition, in these houses is 841. or 851. Mr. Brad by, who had 16 boys, and whose charge was 901. for board, estimated his profits on each at 291. The profits of a small house (where the charge for board is 1357.) are said to range from 10l. to 50l. per head, as the number of boys varies from five to seven. The Head Master, whose house holds 63, and who charges 681., states his profit at 201. It is evident that these various calculations do not assume a uniform estimate of the average cost of a boy's maintenance, or of the saving of expense which attends a large as compared with a small number. In addition to the yearly payments, an entrance fee of 6l. is received from each boarder in a large house; but it is stated that in a small house no payment for entrance is made. One Assistant, who has a small number of pupils, receives 2107. from the Head Master, and another, who has none, 3001. FOUNDATION BOYS. The Founder's main object, as stated in the Charter, was the education of children and youth of the parish of Harrow. The Statutes direct that "a meet and competent number of scholars, as well of poor to be taught freely for the stipends aforesaid, as of others to be received for the further profit and accommodation of the Schoolmaster," should be "set down and appointed by the discretion of the Keeper and Governors from time to time;" and, under the Rules and Orders, the Master is to "take pains with all indifferently, as well of the parish as foreigners, as well poor as rich." middle of the 17th century, when the great increase in the number Harrow was almost exclusively a parochial school till about the of non-foundationers began. At that time there were only five or six boys on the foundation. During the 18 years prior to 1863 the number varied from 16 to 37; the average was 27. Since 1849 they have hardly increased at all. It does not appear that the Governors have ever refused an application, or thought it necessary to ing the 18 years has been 10. This class has increased at a greater limit the number. The average number of the home-boarders dur ratio than the foundationers. The present foundationers are the children of parents belonging to the higher classes, many of whom have come to live in the parish for the purpose of obtaining this advantage for their sons. In many instances,' says Mr. Butler, they are the sons of widow ladies who come to reside in Harrow, who, having, previous to their husband's death, been moving in affluence, are now in comparatively reduced circumstances." NUMBER OF THE SCHOOL.-ADMISSION AND COURSE OF STUDY. The number of boys in the School was, in January 1862, 481, of whom 32 were foundationers and ten others home boarders. It has fluctuated considerably. In 1842 it was 114; in 1844 it had fallen to 79. It rose in the three following years to 314, and afterwards steadily increased till it was 492 in 1861. No boy is admitted after completing his fifteenth year, "except for reasons which the Head Master may deem to be of peculiar urgency." The majority of those who come have attained fourteen ; hardly any are under twelve. The Remove, about half-way up the School, is the highest form in which a boy can be placed où entrance. There is an entrance-examination, conducted by the Head Master and some of the Assistants, in Greek and Latin, and in Latin composition, prose and verse. matics, French and German. Natural Science is not taught; but The School is arranged as follows for classical teaching :- Sixth Form There are thus 14 ascending Divisions, including the Remove, which is not subdivided, and counting the Third Form and the third Fourth, which are heard together, as one. In 1861 the average number of boys in a Division was 35, the highest 37, the lowest 21. It is understood that in future 35 is to be the maximum. This limit was fixed about five years ago. For a short time before the limit had been 40. The highest Division is taught by the Head Master, each of the others by an Assistant Master. SYSTEM OF PROMOTION. Senior Wrangler. There were at first, after 1837, two Mathematical Masters; there are now four. The system of promotion is thus described by Mr. Butler:Each Division throughout the School is considered to have a Every boy learns mathematics during the whole of his stay at maximum number. When, at the beginning of a new School quar- School. For mathematical instruction the School is re-arranged ter (of which there are three in the year), it is found that the num-upon the same principle as is adopted at Eton and Rugby. The bers in each or any Division have fallen below the maximum, the Monitors and Sixth Form-two Classical Divisions, and about 60 vacancies are filled up by promoting beys from the Division below. boys in all-are sent together into the Mathematical School, and In regulating the promotions, two-thirds of those promoted are there re-distributed into six Divisions of about 10 boys each; the selected by merit, the remaining third of the vacancies being reser- Fifth Form-four Classical Divisions and about 144 boys-is treated ved for any boys who may have been in the Division below for in the same manner, and divided into eight Mathematical Divisions; three quarters. Even in this fatter case a boy would be refused the Remove and Upper Shell-72 boys-form the third group, and his remove if he had been "grossly idle-notoriously idle-ostenta are taught in four Mathematical Divisions; and each of the lower tiously so," as Mr. Butler elsewhere explains. In general, he Classical Divisions is a group by itself, and is broken into two Masays, the number of boys who have thus reinained for a whole year thematical Divisions. in the same Division is very small, so that practically, except in the lowest two Divisions of the School, nearly all the promotions are given by merit. The merits of the boys are ascertained as follows:-Marks are given throughout the quarter for each lessou, whether in classics (including divinity, history, and geography), mathematics, or modern languages. These marks are added together at the end of the quarter, when there is an examination for each Division. The sum of the marks of the quarter, and the marks gained in the examina tion, determines the new position of each boy in his Division, and the order in which he is promoted to the Division above. Except in the Sixth Form, where the marks of the quarter count as something more than one paper in the examination, the marks of the quarter and the marks of the examination have an equal influence in fixing each boy's final position. In the Upper Sixth places are not changed. A boy once placed in it retains his position till those above him leave the School. The marks given for each lesson serve another purpose besides that of contributing to the quarterly promotions. Besides these, there is a weekly or fortnightly placing within the several Divisions, according to the marks of the week or fortnight. This extends to the entrance of the Sixth, and includes about 88 per cent. of the School. Again, in addition to a weekly placing, the boys in the lower part (about 40 per cent.) of the School take places during the les sons. Two printed lists of the whole School are published each quarter. One of these shows the places of the boys in their several Forms, the other shows how they have done in the quarterly examination. "PRIVATE" TUITION. Every boy has a tutor, and the relation between tutor and pupil is in principle the same as at Eton. As at Eton also, the work done with the tutor consists of preparation of lessons for School, of composition, and of what is called at Eton "private business. In the Sixth Form two hours, and in the Fifth Form and Shell one hour, a week are given to private reading with the tutor, the subject being chosen in the former case by the Head Master, in the latter by the tutor himself. In the Fourth Form there is no private reading. At Harrow, as at Eton, all the compositions are looked over and corrected by the tutor before they are shown up to the Form Master, except in the Upper Sixth Form. And in the Shell and Fourth Form the composition is not only looked over by the tutor, but done in pupil-room in his presence, and, if help is wanted, with his help. At Harrow, as at Eton, it is the custom for all the boys in the lower part of the School to prepare in pupil-room the lessons which they are to construe in School, the kind and amount of assistance which they obtain from the tutor being left, in great measure, to his discretion. But in practice the Harrow and Eton systems differ materially from each other. At Eton only the first two Divisions are exempt from construing in pupil-room: at Harrow, the first six Divisions (the whole of the Sixth and Fifth Forms) are exempt from it, except that one or two tutors require such of their pupils as are in the lowest division of the Fifth to attend for preparation. Again, it does not appear to be usual for those who do prepare their lessons in pupil-room to construe them to the tutor before going into school. The practice of the different tutors varies in this respect. Some hear particular pupils construe, or hear particular lessons, or portions of them, construed. MATHEMATICS. The study of Mathematics was first made compulsory at Harrow in 1837. Before that time it had been voluntary; the present Se nior Mathematical Master, Mr. Marillier, gave private lessons to such boys as desired it. He had himself been at the School since 1819. When he came there mathematical instruction could only be obtained from a Writing Master (who was then very old), except that the boys in the Sixth Form read Euclid once a week with the Head Master, a practice introduced by Dr. Butler, who had been Every boy above the Fourth Form has three hours a week with the Mathematical School; and every boy in the Fourth, two. There is a special voluntary examination once a year for four ma thematical prizes-a gold medal of the value of ten guineas, founded by the late Mr. Neeld; books worth five guineas, and two other prizes of two guineas and a half each, likewise in books. The first and second prizes are given to those who stand first and second in the examination, the second and third to those who do best in Euclid and arithmetic respectively. The number of competitors ranged from 12 to 40 or 50. The medal is a high distinction, and is said to be as much prized as any other in the School. The position and powers of the Mathematical Masters, in and out of School, are the same as those of the Classical Masters. Their emoluments are derived from the payments made by the boys not on the foundation on account of mathematics (41. a year with 1. entrance), from private tuition, and from boarding-houses. The privilege of keeping boarding-houses they share equally with the Classical Assistants. The aggregate amount derived from these sources, with a stipend of 150l. a year paid to the junior by the Head Master, seems to be quite adequate for their suitable remuneration. Nearly 4001. of it, however, may be considered to come from private tuition. The Governors pay 16l. 138. 4d. to one of the Mathematical Masters as Writing Master, but nothing on account of mathematics. The foundation-boys therefore are taught mathematics at the expense of the rest of the School. MODERN LANGUAGES. The study of Modern Languages has been compulsory at Harrow, Mr. Butler believes, since 1851. Every boy below the Fifth Form learns French. In the Fifth, if he has acquired such proficiency as to be able to read and translate a French Classic with facility at sight, he is transferred to German, unless his parents specially request that he should go on with French. The time given to modern languages in every Form but the lowest is two lesson hours a week; in the lowest, an hour and a half; and each lesson-hour is considered to demand an hour's preparation. In classifying the boys for modern languages the same plan is followed as in arranging them for mathematics. There are 21 French and 5 German divisions, the maximum number in a division being 24. A small number (16 or 17 in 1861 and 1862) have private tuition, which gives them two additional hours a week. The proportion in which modern languages are allowed to contribute to promotion in the School has been stated above. Two prizes, of the value of 101. and 51. respectively, are given annually, each of them for French and German in alternate years. For the French prize there are generally about 20 candidates, for the German not so many. HISTORY. In the Upper Sixth Form the boys give one hour a week in school to some portion of History, ancient or modern, which they have read during the week. This practice was introduced by Mr. Butler. He mentions Guizot's History of the English Revolution, and Hallam's Constitutional History of England, as books of which parts had been thus read with him. In the other Forms, there are separate lessons in ancient history, and up to the Upper Fifth in geography, which take two or three hours in the week. The boys are examined in portions of books of history, the substance of which they have committed to memory. For the "holiday-tasks" it has been usual to divide English History into three periods, extending from the Saxon times to the Battle of Waterloo. A cycle of reading is thus arranged, which carries a boy over the whole of the ground in three years. This cycle is applied to the whole School. All the Forms, therefore, are reading at the same time the same period of history, but in different books suited to their respective ages and capacities. The holiday-tasks of 1860-1861, comprised the period from the Wars of the Roses downwards. The examination is conducted on paper on the first day after the boys have returned to school, each Master examining the boys of his own Form. |