PETERBOROUGH.-On 3rd, (Sunday) Barometer 28.457. 8th, slight fog, with smoke in distinctly defined strata close to the ground. Sudden rise of barometer from 9 p.m. Saturday to 9 p.m. Sunday, 10th, range 1.036, being greatest in the month. Sudden wind shift from due S. to N. in 50 minutes, on 9th, from 9.10 a.m. till 10 a.m. 10th, (Sunday), a colder day than that noted in abstract, mean temp. being-19.73. Fogs, 8th and 9th. Rain on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 12th, 13th, 16th, 23rd, 24th, 25th. Snow on 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 9th, 10th, 18th, 22nd, 23rd, 26th. Although the wind was easterly 21 times, the motion of clouds was in no instance from NE, E, or SE.

SIMCOE.-On 8th, sudden change of wind from SW to NW; thaw during day. 9th, snow storm and drifting. 23rd, rapid thaw during day; rain began at 7 p.m.; afterwards froze very hard during night. 25th, clouds, upper current from E, under current from W, east registered. 27th. Shooting stars NW. Rain on 2nd, 8th, 13th, 14th, 16th, 23rd. Snow on 4th, 9th, 20th, 21st.

STRATFORD.-Storm of wind and snow began on morning of 9th, and ended 10th (Sunday) about 2 p.m.; wind varied from NW to N, depth of snow 3 inches. Storms of wind also on 2nd, 3rd, 11th, 16th, 23rd. Fogs, 4th and 14th. Rain on 8th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 23rd, 24th, 28th. Snow on 2nd, 4th, 5th, 9th 10th, 22nd. The barometer on Sunday

3rd fell to 27.897.

WINDSOR.-On 16th, wind storm increasing to velocity 7, at noon. 17th, double lunar halo. 18th, lunar halo. Storms of wind on 2nd and 20th. Fog, 13th. Rain on 2nd, 4th, 18th, 16th, 23rd, 28th. Snow on 3rd, 9th, 13th.

The little band of heroes who had won a deathless name!
Into the howling wilderness they wend their trackless way,
While savage hordes are prowling round impatient for their prey,
And she was there, the Scottish Girl, among the gallant band
Far from her native heathery hills, in that dark forest land;
She who had saved the Savage Chief from the uplifted arm
Of the old commander of the Fort-and shielded him from harm.
And there, too, was the chosen one, with whom long, long ago,
She had wandered through the passes of her native old Glencoe,
Among the kingly regiment his was a name of fear
For death was in the Slogan when McGillivray was near!
Short was their passage through the woods, 'till with a bursting yell
Upon the fated clansmen the savage foemen fell;
Like Locusts gathering with the blast that yelling, dusky host,
Hemmed them around on every hand 'till hope was almost lost.
The clansmen fired one volley, then threw their muskets down,
Loud swelled the boding slogan, the last sacrifice to crown.
Then back to back, with sword in hand, they fought with might and main,
And piled around them as they died dark heaps of mangled slain,
Fearful the mighty draughts of blood, the claymore sharp and true
In that red carnival of death with trenchant fury drew!
The tartan's variegated hue was grimly purple o'er
The Pibroch's wail grew fainter, as the war-whoop filled the air,
On every hero, as he fell, with the dark foeman's gore.
And thousands rushed upon them like tigers from their lair.
But still like monarchs of the wild the kilted clansmen stood,
Shoulder to shoulder in the fight on that dread day of blood.
The proudly blazoned legends which their waving colors bore
Were deeper dyed, while round them lay weltering in their gore,

VI. Papers relating to the History of Canada. The children worthy of their sires-the old "Black-Watch" of yore!

But fiercer waxed the conflict round a baggage waggon, where
Stood the daughter of the heather with her streaming golden hair!

1. MASSACRE AT FORT WILLIAM HENRY (LAKE GEORGE)* 1757. A tall and grim faced savage saw those shining locks of gold,

A Legend of the 42nd, or "Black Watch," Regiment.

BY WILLIAM PITTMAN LETT, OF OTTAWA.

'Twas when the 42nd marched, the brave "Black Watch" of yore,
To old Fort William onward with Pibroch and Claymore,
Loud shrieked the slogan as they trod among those ancient trees,
The burst of proud defiance swelling on the morning breeze.
They saw a painted savage amid that forest wild,
Who held within his ruthlesss grasp a little fair-haired child,
The column halted, horror-struck by the unwonted scene,
That stately Indian, and that child, in that deep forest green,
Fire! cried the leader of the host; fire on the lurking foe!
A kilted clansman poised his gun and laid the chieftain low:
Sore wounded was the Iroquois, prone stretched upon the ground;
Unharmed the little fair-haired boy the FORTY-SECOND found;
They bore them to the woodland Fort, the deed was nobly done,
The highlanders had rescued its Commander's only son.

The dusky warrior writhed in pain, but scowled with scornful eye,
And told them how Orono the Iroquois could die.

Fain was the father to avenge in blood the savage deed,

But a daughter of the Highlands saved him from the doom decreed.
She dressed his wounds with tender care, with woman's gentle hand,
For woman, to affliction, is the same in every land!

By words and signs of kindness she soothed his savage grief:

Orono was a chosen brave, a warrior and chief,

A chieftain of the Iroquois with scalp-lock proudly drest,
And the scars of many a war-path upon his tawny chest!
Ere many days the Iroquois recovered from his wound,
Sprang on a sentry, knife in hand, with tiger stealth and bound,
When morning dawned, the soldier in death was lying there,
But the Panther of the Iroquois had sought his native lair!
Then soon the legions of Montcalm came marching through the wood,
And his scalping Indian allies thirsting for the foeman's blood;
The cannon roared, and shot and shell crashed through the riven air.
And death in every fearful form was then seen every where ;
But still the Red cross waved afloat, and still the daring few
Who manned the fated fortress fought like Britons brave and true!
The brave ROYAL AMERICANS and old BLACK WATCH were there,
To rally round their country's Flag, its honor was their care;
And many a gallant son of France, before their fire fell,
Whilst hosts of whooping Iroquois the mounds of slaughter swell.
Six days the work of death went on; Monro, stern, proud and brave,
Held out, expecting aid, his little garrison to save;

But aid came not, his failing ranks grew thinner every hour,
The shot and shell rushed through them like a devastating shower;
The little fort's defences were sadly rent and torn,

His men with constant fighting were wasted, wan and worn.
The foe in overwhelming force was rushing fiercely on,

The best that gallant hearts could do was well and bravely done!
A flag of truce went forth at last to save the remnant few
Who to the glories of the past had valiantly proved true.
The terms were made, with colours and war's honours out they came,

• The historical incident here referred to will be found detailed on pages 101 and 102 of the "School History of Canada," published by Mr. John Lovell, Montreal,

1866.

He wound his blood-stained fingers in their thick and drooping fold,
As with a glance of deadly hate he grasped the maiden fair,
He waved bis red right hand aloft, the scalping-knife was there;
But ere the stroke could reach her heart, a chieftain laid his hand
Upon the fell assassin's arm, 'twas the leader of the band.
Who, who art thou that dares to stay this arm in the fight,
When raised aloft with vengeance the white enemy to smite?
Orono of the Iroquois ! I claim her as my own,

Touch not her scalp. I save her for the kindness she has shown
To the wounded Panther when he lay within the palisades,

A stricken prisoner beneath the "Long Knife's" glistening blades;
Go! still the battle rages, touch the maiden not again,
There's blood beneath yon tartans in the hearts of dauntless men!
Off strode the cowering painted chief, but ere his knife he drew,
A keen and sweeping claymore cleft his naked form in two.
Orono gently bore her from the scene of blood and woe;
And in his forest wigwam laid the daughter of Glencoe ;
Her parting glance ran wildly o'er that slaughter-laden field,
Few were the Highland bonnets there, but not a man would yield!
The Pibroch's final blast she heard upon the evening air,
Then no sound but the war-whoop of the Iroquois was there.
Foul was the treachery which gave such brave hearts to be slain,

But the broad-sword drank its vengeance deep again on Abraham's Plain!
The chieftain's aged mother with a woman's gentle hand,

Sought to soothe the stricken lone one in the far-off forest land.
But nought could cheer her spirit laden with its crushing woe,
And paler grew the fading cheek of Mary of Glencoe ;
She died; they gently laid her beneath a tree to rest,
And the forest leaves fell lightly on her fair and gentle breast.

2. CHAMPLAIN AND THE DISCOVERY OF HIS TOMB.

BY JOHN GILMARY SHEA, LL.D.

Last Christmas was the two hundred and thirty-first anniversary of the day when the people of the little French town of Quebec, a mere dot amid the Canadian snows, followed to the grave, their great leader and guide, Samuel de Champlain, who had amid every discouragement and in spite of all obstacles, struggled to plant a permanent colony in the New World.

He expired on the 25th of December, 1635, after an illness of two months and a half, attended by the Jesuit missionaries, with whom he had lived an almost conventual life after the departure of his wife for France,* closing, in the utmost peace and calm, a life of much vicissitude and many a stirring scene.

Born at Brouage, in Xaintonge, in 1567 or 1570, of a respectable, and it would seem even noble family, he had early sought a military career, and in the struggles of Henry IV. to reach the throne, young

* He married Helen Boullé, sister of a fellow-navigator, who, though at the time a Protestaut, returned to the ancient faith, and on her husband's death, became an Ursuline nun, under the name of Mother Helen de St. Augustine. She died at Meaux, December 20, 1654, at the age of fifty-six, in a Ursulines de Quebec, 852). They left no issue, the only heir appearing to convent which she had founded (Cronique de l'Ordere des Ursulines; Les claim any right in his estate being a cousin.-SHEA's Charlevoix, ii., 88.

Champlain fought stoutly for the King in Brittany, under the orders of d'Aumont de St. Luc and Brissac.

and human remains, apparently of some distinguished person; and that he had at the time preserved a plan of the locality and sketches of two of the bones. Remains of three bodies were found near. The body in the vault was undoubtedly Champlain's; those near it, the remains of Father Raymbault, the Recollect Brother Pacificus du Plessis, and of Mr. de Ré, known to have been interred near Champlain's vault.

the Chapel of Champlain, in which the vault existed. It was not then Notre Dame de Recouvrance; and he soon satisfied himself Peace did not send him to quiet or a barrack life. The family that it could not be in the Upper Town. "Therefore," he adds, were men of the sea, and as his uncle held high rank in the Spanish!" Champlain's chapel could be only in the Lower Town, and could navy, being Pilot General of the Armies, he sought employment in "be no other than that built by him in 1615, on the arrival of the the same service, and when the Spanish retired from Blavelt, their "Recollects, for that chapel is certainly the only one erected by him last hold in Brittany, he proceeded with them to San Lucar, and, "there." in 1599, made a voyage to Mexico, in the St. Julian, and drew up Investigation and the light of documents proved that this was in an account of his visit in a journal which has come to light in our the Anse of the Cul-de-Sac, on a street still called Champlain street, day, and been published in English by the Hakluyt Society, the where an ancient cemetery exists. Arrived at this stage, Mr. Laveroriginal French being withheld from the press in France by a sort diére and the Abbé Casgrain, who had joined in his researches, were of literary forestaller, who has for years been threatening much and overwhelmed with disappointment to find that only ten years since giving nothing. the water-works had run directly through the ground. Application He had just returned to France, in 1602, when it was proposed to H. O'Donnell, Esq., the assistant-engineer who directed the to him to sail to New France for De Monts, who had secured a works, brought out the fact that he had come, at the foot of the patent. The prospect suited one whose taste for adventure had re-stairs called Little Champlain Street, upon a vault containing a coffin ceived a stimulus from what he had witnessed on the Spanish Main. He accepted the offer, and his whole after career became identified with the extension of a French colonial empire in America. Sailing with Pontgravé in 1603, he pushed past Tadoussac and ascended the St. Lawrence, as Cartier had done in the previous century, as far as the Sault St. Louis, above the Island of Montreal. Returning, he sailed back, reaching Havre de Grace in September, 1603, with several Indians, including an Iroquois woman, whom he had rescued from the stake. His account of the first Canadian voyage soon saw the light. But De Monts' views were turned to Acadia. From 1604 to 1607, Champlain labored to carry out the schemes of his countryman, and made so accurate a survey of the coast, as far down as Cape Cod, that the maps for the next century were based on his, and are valuable as they approach the original. In 1607, he was sent with a vessel to trade at Tadoussac. The Saint Lawrence seemed to him the real spot for the colony, and on the 3d of July, 1608, he founded Quebec. He won permanently to France the two great Indian families of the country, the Huron and Algonquin, becoming as their ally, involved in a war with the Iroquois, which was ever to hamper his newly established colony. Indefatigable and adventurous, he penetrated to the Lake which bears his name, and not only reached Upper Canada, but from thence marched with an Indian army to assail the palisades of their enemies in Western New York.

In 1629, he was compelled to surrender to Kirk, a French refugee in the English service, but in 1632 was once more in Quebec, as Lieutenant of Cardinal Richelieu. He did not long survive to di

rect the destinies of restored Canada.

On his death, a special vault was prepared for the reception of his honored remains, and here his body was laid, probably in the summer of the following year, as it would have been impossible in December to make the excavation and construct the brickwork. Unfortunately, the Jesuit Relation of the year entered into no details as to the ceremony, nor does it even mention the place of interment; and no other contemporaneous publication alluded to in the matter. The first Registers of Quebec perished by fire in 1640, so that there is not even that source to guide a research. No monument appears to have been raised, and, in lapse of time, even tradition failed to mark the spot. The first allusion to the tomb of Champlain is in the relation of 1643, in which Father Raymbault is said to have been "interred near the body of the late Mr. de Champlain, who is in a "private vault (sepulchre particulier) erected expressly to honor "the memory of the distinguished personage, who has laid New "France under such obligations." (Relation, 164, p. 3.) This has been generally misunderstood, some supposing Raymbault to have been interred in the same vault, others in the Sarcophagus intended for Champlain.

Part of the ancient vault was preserved in the new works, and the Abbès Laverdiére and Casgrain descending into it, November 10th, 1866, found it about eight feet square, and about fourteen feet from the corner of Sous-le-Fort Street. The body had lain in the direction of Champlain Street. They were able on the wall to trace in part the name SAMVEL DE CHAMPLAIN. It now remained to find the bones. These had at the time been placed in a box and conveyed to the Parish Church, where they were kept for three years, and there being no prospect of their identification, the box was, by direction of the Rev. Edmund Langevin, buried near the cathedral, with injunctions to mark the spot. This was neglected, but hopes are still entertained of its recovery, when Quebec will do honor to the remains of its illustrious founder. A search made in the portion of the cemetry was continued till the fourth of December, and will be resumed this spring, with every prospect of success.

A more curious and persistent search has seldom been made than this, so honorable to the Abbé Laverdiére. (See Découverte du Tombeau du Champlain, par MM. les Abbés Laverdiére et Casgrain. Quebec, 1866. 8vo, 19 pp., three plans.-SHEA's Charlevoix II., 283-4.)

3. HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO OLD CANADA. In looking over an old map entitled the English Empire in North America, published in 1755, Canada, then belonging to the French, wes bounded on the West by the River Ontaouais (Ottawa), on the East by the River Bustard (Outard), near the present Manicouagon Point, about 40 miles westward of Point de Monts, on the North by the Hudson Bay Company's territory, and on the South by the river St. Lawrence. The country west, till lately Upper Canada, now by the Act of confederation Ontario, was then called Northern Iroquois, and inhabited by the Indians bearing that name, and extended to the present Sarnia. From thence westward to the river Mississippi, the country now comprising Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, &c., was chiefly inhabited by the Outagamis, Mascoutens, and the Sioux or Nadonessian Indians. Here and there scattered over these large tracts of country, from the Ottawa to the Mississippi, were a few French Forts, and settlements. Now look at the present map of the Kingdom of Canada, from the Strait of Canso, N. S., to the Straits of St. Clair, having its Parliament Buildings at Ottawa (worthy in point of architecture for any country) a place not then in existence. Go a step further back to 1659, when the Royal Government in Canada was first established, and Mgr. de Laval arrived as the Vicar-Apostolic of the See of Rome, and afterwards, in 1674, was named first Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec. Again to 1672, when de Courville obtained permission from the Iroquois to erect a trading fort at Cataraqui (Kingston). Let our imaginations picture The Abbé Laverdiére, to whom we are indebted for a rectification the state and condition of Canada then, continually at war with the of the error, long shared the misapprehension. He is now repub- Iroquois Indians, and conjure up its march of civilization under the lishing, textually, the whole of the various editions of Champlain's French rule, till 1760, when Canada was solemnly transferred to the Voyages to Canada, with critical notes, beginning with the almost British Crown. In one hundred years we have, by means of the unfindable Des Sauvages, issued in 1603, the highly valuable and, Victoria Bridge, made an uninterrupted line of railway, from Saras Thoreau remarks, singularly overlooked edition of 1613, and so nia to the Atlantic, and along its length there have arisen flourishing on, down to the last hastily put-together edition of 1632. As a towns and cities, where there was then nothing but the primeval memoir of the great founder of Quebec should necessarily precede forest. We have a history since 1760, showing forth our valour and his labor, the Abbé Laverdiére seems to have felt it a national disunity in the defence of our country. Instance our war medal bearhonor that no one could point to the grave of Champlain. He set ing on its clasp, "Detroit, Fort Erie, Chateauguay," &c., &c. The to work, with the Abbé Casgrain, to examine, in the archives, every-population of Upper and Lower Canada has increased from about thing that could throw light on the matter. Ere long they became 100,000 (less than the present inhabitants of Montreal) to more than satisfied that the Chapel of the Governor, burnt in 1640, was not 3,000,000, or an increase of thirty-fold. Our commerce has in

When the study of the early Canadian history revived in our day, the Chapel beneath whose shadow Champlain lay was conceded on all hands to be "Notre Dame de Recouvrance," which stood on or near the site of the present Anglican Cathedral. Such was the opinion of all. The careful Mr. Ferland so states in his Cours d'Histoire, Vol. 1, p. 293, and declares that that church was styled "the Chapel of Champlain," an expression used in the Register containing the entry of Raymbault's interment.

creased in a greater proportion, the revenue amounting to over $12,000,000. It palls the imagination to conjure what we shall be in another fifty or a hundred years under a prosperous, peaceful and united confederation. -Montreal News.

4. "THIRTY YEARS AGO" IN CANADA,

VII. Resources of Canada and Red River.

1. COPPER MINES OF CANADA.

We have before us the report of the Select Committee appointed to obtain information as to the extent and resources of the copper mines on the north side of Lake Superior, and the best means of their development. Their researches were not confined to the north shore of Lake Superior alone, but were extended to the north side of Lake Huron also, and while it is evident from the report that uo of the mineral resources of that country, and that the present system adequate means have yet been adopted for the proper development pursued with regard to the sale of lands, is not by any means a good one, it is also plain that the whole country extending from Sault St. Marie to Killarney on Lake Huron, a distance of 130 miles, and from Pigeon River on Lake Superior to the eastern extremity of

M. Hector Fabre states that thirty years ago, when Parliament sat during the summer, the gulf members came up to Quebec in schooners, and lodged in them all through the session. He also says that at about the same period a traineau, loaded with trunks and parcels, arrived at the Parliament House, one fine day, just previous to the opening of the session, and from it descended a stout Countryman and his wife, who carefully examined the twenty-four windows of the building, and finally decided to rap at the door, which was immediately opened by one of the messengers. The countryman thereupon presented his compliments, stated that he the Nipigon Archipelago, a distance of 125 miles abounds with was the member elect for the County of Berthier: that he had come with his wife to take his seat; and that he had brought his winter's provisions with him. He was consequently fully provided, but only wanted a cooking stove, and hoped that there was one in his The messenger immediately saw through the primitive simplicity of his visitor, and gradually "drew him" out. He ascertained that the member for Berthier expected to find a room already prepared for him in the Parliament House, in which he and his wife could live throughout the winter, and subsist upon the provisions he had brought from his native village. The messenger grinned, you may be certain, and was finally forced to avow that there

room.

were no bedrooms in the Parliament House for members. "The

member for Berthier" thereupon gave his horse a smart lash with the whip and indignantly and forever turned his back upon the legislative halls of the Province.

of the existence of copper.

miles in breadth, making altogether an area of upwards of 2,200 copper. This copper bearing region averages from ten to twenty square miles, throughout the whole of which there is every indication Michipicoten, seventy-five miles square, and patches on the east coast To this may be added the Island of of Gargantua, Mamainse and Point aux Mines, comprising an area nian or lower copper bearing series, near the Pic River, the Slate of about as much more together with a triangular area in the HuroIslands, and some small portions of the country adjacent to the Goulais River and Batchewahning Bay.

and Copper Bay Mines by the West Canada Mining Company during The amount of copper ore sent to the market from the Wellington the Company making the handsome profit of £11,000. The few the last year of which returns have been made was about 3000 tons, mines however which are in operation are not worked up to anything like their adequate capacity in consequence of many drawbacks, the most important of which are the lack of capital, scarcity of workmen, and inadequate transportation from there to the east.

5. THE CAMPAIGN OF 1760 IN CANADA. Sir W. E. Logan, Provincial Geologist, in his answers to the questions propounded to him by the select committee, says he is of Under the auspices of the Literary and Historical Society of opinion that copper exists in sufficient quantity to become the means Quebec, the Gazette of that city published, on Friday last, the first of giving support to the industry of a mining population and that part of an interesting sketch of this campaign. The following into aid in its development every encouragement should be given to troduction to the paper, from the pen of Mr. Lemoine, fully ex-discoverers who intend to work for minerals; and every discourageplains its character, and will be perused with pleasure by historical ment to mere speculators in mineral lands, and care should be taken readers :not to grant to any one person or Company a larger quantity or sett" of mineral ground than can be worked with such an amount of capital as might be supposed to be attainable with moderate facility. This is unquestionably sound advice and we hope that the Government will act upon it.

"The original of this manuscript is deposited in the French war archives, in Paris: a copy was, with the leave of the French Government, taken by P. L. Morin, Esq., Draughtsman to the Crown Lands Department of Canada, about 1855, and deposited in the Library of the Legislative Assembly of Canada. The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, through the kindness of Mr. Todd, the Librarian, was permitted to have communication thereof. This document is supposed to have been written some years after the return to France from Canada of the writer, the Chevalier Johnstone, a Scotch Jacobite, who had fled to France after the defeat at Culloden, and had obtained from the French monarch, with several other Scotchmen, commissions in the French armies.

In 1748,

When we hear of the promising indications which the copper bearing lands present, and bear in mind how vastly the copper mines of Cornwall, which are situated within a comparatively insignificant space, have contributed to the wealth and importance of England it is evident that the developement of this territory is a matter of vast importance to us. It should also serve to encourage emigrants from the old country, who are desirous of finding a home upon this continent, to take up their abode in a region where, as it seems, their labour is likely to meet with an abundant reward.-Hamilton Spectator.

says Francisque Michel, he sailed from Rochefort as an Ensign with troops going to Cape Breton: he continued to serve in America until he returned to France, in December, 1760, having acted during the campaign of 1759, in Canada, as aide-de-camp to Chevalier De 2. THE OTTAWA LUMBER REGIONS. Levis. On De Levis being ordered to Montreal, Johnstone was detached and retained by General Montcalm on his staff, on account An army of choppers, ten thousand strong, is scattered along the of his thorough knowlekge of the environs of Quebec, and particu-Ottawa and its tributaries, two hundred and fifty miles. The men larly of Beauport, where the principal works of defence stood, and are mostly laborers who go to the forest as soon as the summer is where the whole army, some 11,000 men, were entrenched, leaving over, cut down trees, mark the logs and haul them to the river, in Quebec merely a garrison of 1,500. The journal is written in there to await the spring freshets. English, and is not remarkable for orthography or purity of diction either Johnstone had forgotten, or had never thoroughly known, the language. The style is prolix, sententious, abounding in quotations from writers;-one would be inclined to think, at times, that it had originally been written in French, and theu literally translated into English.

This document had first attracted the attention of one of the late historians of Canada, the abbé Ferland, who attached much importance to it, as calculated to supply matters of details and incidents unrecorded elsewhere. M. Margry, in charge of the French records, had permitted the venerable writer, then on a visit to Paris, to make extracts from it; some of which extracts the abbé published at the time of the laying of the St. Foy Monument, in 1862. The Chevalier Johnstone differs in toto from the opinions expressed by several French officers of regulars, respecting the conduct of the Canadian Militia, in 1759, ascribing to their valour, on the 13th of September, the salvation of a large portion of the French army."

says

A letter to the Boston Journal

"The forwarding business is in the hands of a few firms who do an immense amount. There are about two hundred barges employed, each with a capacity of from seventy-five thousand to one hundred thousand feet. They run down the Ottawa, passing through a canal about sixty miles below this city, which, by the way, is too narrow to accommodate half the traffic, so that there is often delay in the busiest season; pass into the St. Lawrence back of the Island of Montreal, and go to the mouth of the Richelieu River. On the Richelieu they run down into Lake Champlain, having first paid the United States customs duty of twenty per cent., at Rouse's Point, or perhaps at Burlington. The end of the voyage is at Whitehall, at the extreme southern point of Lake Champlain, and it takes about a week to come down. From Whitehall the lumber is taken to Albany or Troy by rail, where it reaches the Hudson. It is worth, delivered on board the barges, from $6 to $14 per 1,000 superficial feet, according to quality. Customs, duties, and transportation swell it to the high price current that rules in New York and Boston. Notwithstanding this

the demand this year has been ten-fold greater than ever before. There are in Ottawa ten mills, with an annual productive capacity of 180,000,000 feet. They have been run this season night and day. Two others are in erection, one of which is intended to manufacture annually 60,000,000 feet. The Bronson's mill, which I visited, ran 180 saws, employed 100 men at home and 600 in the forest. It runs from seven and a half to eight months in the year. There are also at various places in the vicinity four or five other mills. It is estimated that 30,000,000 feet now lie in the docks at Ottawa, all of which the owners or contractors wish to get out before the close of navigation, which will be soon after the middle of November. Should the demand continue it will be shipped by rail to Prescott and thence east or west by the Grand Truk.

"Besides this manufactured lumber there is 16.000,000 or 20,000,000 cubic feet of square timber, cut and squared in the forests, floated into the Ottawa at full length and made into rafts for the Quebec market. It is there sawn into deals or three inch plank and sent to England. A few rafts are floated down to Burlington and manufactured there. Contractors who lease limits of government land are now, however, preparing to manufacture rather than to send out whole timber.

"With the increased appliances of modern ingenuity, the great demand from the States and the growing army, now, as I have said, 10,000 strong, ruthlessly cutting down the tall pines of a century's growth, this region, vast as it is, must one day be exhausted. I should say that most of the manufacturers here are American, and that Ottawa has much the air of a new western city."

3. RED RIVER TERRITORY-ITS RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES.

Of the

Saskatchewan to latitude 55 degrees on the Pacific coast.
present community of the Settlement, numbering over 10,000, about
5000 are competent to assume any civil or social responsibility
which may be imposed upon them. The accumulations from the
fur trade during fifty years, with few excitements or opportunities
of expenditure, have secured general prosperity, with frequent in-
stances of affluence; while the numerous churches and schools sus-
tain a high standard of morality and intelligence. The present
agriculture of the Settlement confirms the evidence from a variety
of sources, to which we shall afterwards refer, that the districts
west and north west of the Red River valley are well adapted to
settlement. For the production of wheat, barley, rye, oats, peas,
potatoes, vegetables, etc., the region in question will be unsurpassed
by any other area of similar extent on the continent, and capable, it
is estimated, of feeding forty millions of people. A writer eloquent-
ly remarks:-"Are these innumerable fields of hay for ever des-
tined to be consumed by fire, or perish in the autumnal snows ?
How long shall these superb forests be the haunts of wild beasts?
And these inexhaustible quarries,-these abundant mines of coal,
gold, silver, lead, sulphur, iron, copper, salt and saltpetre,- -can it
be that they are doomed to remain for ever inactive? Not so, the
day will come when some laboring hand will give them value; a
strong, active and enterprising people are destined to fill this spa-
cious void. The wild beasts will, ere long, give place to our domes-
tic animals; flocks and herds will graze in the beautiful meadows
that border the numberless mountains, hills, valleys and plains, of
this extensive region."

There are three religious denominations here, which are divided as follows:

FAMILIES AND CHURCHES.

Roman Catholics, 554 families, 3 Churches.

Episcopalian,
Presbyterian,

383
60

4

2

The Nor-Wester is publishing a series of articles on the present and future of the Red River Territory, its resources and capabilities, with a view of offering reliable information to intending immigrants; and as the territory is probably destined to play an important part in the future of this continent, and its value is but little understood exclusive of the settlement of Prairie Portage and the Indian miseven in Canada, we think it desirable that they should be re-pub- sionary village. Education is in a far more advanced state in the lished. colony than its isolation and brief career might claim for it under The first attempt to found a colony in that part of Rupert's Land the peculiar circumstances in which the country has been so long now occupied by the Red River Settlements, was made in the year placed. There are seventeen schools in the settlement, generally 1812, under the patronage of Lord Selkirk. In giving a brief under the supervision of the ministers of the denomination to which sketch of the early history of the settlement, we cannot do better they belong. One of the Episcopalian clergymen remarks, "On than give a curtailed quotation from the "Rise, progress and pre- the ground of education, let none fear to make trial of the country. sent state of the Red River Settlement," by the late Alexander The parochial school connected with my own chapel is equal to most Ross, published in Londou 1816, whose long and intimate connec-parochial schools which I have known in England, in range of subtion with the country gave him ample opportunity for collecting re-jects superior to most, though in method and in the apparatus of liable information. He says: "The colonists consisted of several the school necessarily a little inferior." Scotch families, who after they had reached the spot which was At present there is a great want of good tradesmen in the settleto be their future home, they were met by a large party of halfment, especially blacksmiths, carpenters and masons; also, a good breeds and Indians, in the service of the North West Company, tanner and one or two boot and shoemakers, and a tailor, would and warned not to attempt to establish a permanent settlement. also do well to save the importation of this bulky and necessary arThey were conducted by a number of those wild and reckless chil- ticle. There are among the principal merchants several who would dren of the prairie to Fort Pembina, a post of the Hudson Bay no doubt be glad to assist in giving a start to such tradesmen coming Company, where they passed the winter in buffalo skin teuts, and to settle among us. Our next article will commence with our resoon adopted the habits of life belonging to the savage and half sources and their means of developement, beginning with Agriculsavage natives by whom they were surrounded. In May 1812, tural Industry. the emigrants returned to the neighborhood of Fort Douglas, about two miles below the present site of Fort Garry, and here commenc

ed their agricultural labors. In the fall of the year they again VIII. Papers on Physical Geography & Statistics.

1. THE CLOVE ISLANDS.

sought refuge at Fort Pembina, and after a winter of much suffering, revisited in the spring of 1814 the scene of the previous year's attempt to plant themselves on the banks of Red River, with a determination to make it a permanent residence. His Lordship had The Chinese traders appear to have been the first who made established a general store of goods, implements, ammunition, the natives of the Moluccas acquainted with the use and value clothing and food, at Fort Douglas, from which the impoverished of the article that grew with such abundance on their islands. emigrants were supplied on credit. In July, 1818, several French These traders transplanted the clove-tree to China, where it seems Canadian families, under the guidance of two Priests, arrived in the to have flourised in great profusion. Through the Chinese the Colony. In 1820, the foundation of a Roman Catholic Church was spice eventually found its way up the Red Sea, and through laid near the present site of the Cathedral of St. Boniface, and in Alexandria to Eastern Europe, where it was held in great esteem the fall of that year a minister of the Church of England visited by the Greek physicians in the seventh century, by whom it was that country, encouraged by the Church Missionary Society. In prescribed both as a food and a medicine. 1821, the Northwest and Hudson's Bay Companies united, and from In the year 1511, the Portuguese discovered the Moluccas, and, that time the condition and prospects of the Red River Settlement taking possession of the principal islands of the group, soon estabbecame more encouraging and their progress slow but sure. In lished a monopoly of the new spice in Western Europe. This pro1823, the population of the Colony was about 600; twenty years fitable trade, however, they only retained for a short time, for the afterwards it had increased to 5,143, and thus assumed an impor- Dutch, who, in the pursuit of gain hesitated at no moral or polititant, though not a prominent position among Christian communi-cal crime, were not slow in finding a cause of quarrel with their ties, in the midst of barbarous and savage races.' wealthy rivals, their first overt act being to take forcible possession It is now well known that northwest of Minnesota the country of all the Portuguese spice islands. Had their aggressive tyranny reaching from the Selkirk Settlement to the Rocky Mountains, and ended here, there would have been very little to complain about; from lat. 49 deg. to 54 deg. is as favorable to grain and animal pro- but no sooner had they obtained possession of the entire group, duction as any of the Northern States; that the mean temperature than to prevent all possibility of rivalry in the spice trade-and for spring, summer and autumn observed in the forty-second and particularly as regarded cloves, which were indigenous on all the forty-third parallels in New York, Michigan and Wisconsin, has islands-they systematically destroyed every clove tree that could been accurately traced through Fort Suelling and the valley of the be found in the Moluccas, except tl.cse growing in the most fertile

Russia has annexed 567,364 square miles; the United States, 1,968,000; France, 4,620; Prussia, 29,781. Sardinia, expanding into Italy, has increased by 83,041. Our Indian Empire has been augmented by 451,616. The principal states that have lost territory are Turkey, Mexico, Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands. Such are the changes of half a century; how will Europe and the world look half a century hence?

4. THREE LEADING ARMIES OF THE WORLD. The three leading armies of the world, for intelligence and destructive ability are certainly the American, French, and British. The two first resemble each other in organization and drill, while the third is very different. The French army has been taken as a model by many nations, and among others by the American; hence the resemblance. The Prussian army acquired temporary prestige by its successes in the late German war, owing to the "needle rifle," but now the other armies are on the same footing as to arms; and the Prussian army has no longer any advantage.

1. THE AMERICAN ARMY.

of the group, the island of Amboyna, where they made their headquarters, and established the chief factory. Having thus confined the cultivation of the clove-tree to one vigilantly-guarded spot, the Dutch thought themselves the sole factors for Europe of that valuable spice; and to insure that absolute monopoly of it, resorted to the most cruel and wanton tyranny. One of their selfish measures of protection was that of sending a body of soldiers every year from island to island, to cut down and destroy every oak sapling that might have sprung up since the last visitation. Lying a few leagues from the large island of Amboyna is a cluster of small but very fruitful islets, known as the Cambello Group. These, with their sparse and simple inhabitants, the Dutch had deemed beneath their notice. In the course of time, however, the natives of these Cambellos, hearing of the humanity and justice of their Dutch neighbors, began to trade with the new masters of the Amboyna, and barter their homely produce for the cloths and implements of Europe. Observing the jealous vigilance with which the Dutch guarded the clove trees, the poor islanders, in their simplicity and confidence, declared that their isles were now full of such trees, though formerly unknown to them; that they had been in the habit of trading to Amboyna for cloves, of which they were particularly fond, till the Portuguese, fearing they might sell the quantities they obtained for Is notable for intelligence and good firing. Its artillery is univertheir own use to other tribes, peremptorily refused to supply them sally praised, and its engineers are considered skilful. Of the other with any more cloves. Thus debarred of a necessary article of arms there is not much to boast, owing to the short term of service food and medicine, the cunning islanders contrived to secrete a and the laxity of discipline. The infantry is organized into battalions number of seed-pods, or mother cloves, and hiding them in the of 1,000 men in ten companies. This is a fault, for the battalion of hollow of their bamboos, carried them away unsuspected by the ex- 800, or less, men, organized into 8 companies is more mobile, and in acting Portuguese. These seeds, planted in their own islands, had column presents a less depth to the fire of artillery. The battalion of in a few years multiplied greatly; and now, as the narrators inno-six companies is still better, for the same reasons, but the companies cently declared, the cambello islands were full of them, The Dutch should be 100 men strong. The battalion is commanded by a Colrewarded the perpetrators of this harmless fraud by instantly de-onel, aided by a Lieutenant Colonel and Major. spatching an expedition to the Cambello Group, and destroying The brigade consists generally of four battalions, and is commanded every clove-tree and sapling to be found on any of the islands. At by a Brigadier-General, that grade being now called "General of Brithe same time they made a contract with the chiefs of the other gade" by the French, who are imitated in the same by the continenislands of the archipelago, by which they were bound to destroy tal nations. every clove tree but those kept for their own consumption, and never in future to barter or sell cloves to either European or native dealers. Scarcely had the Dutch secured, as they believed, a firm possession of this invaluable colony, than their hated rivals, the English, thinking they had an equal right, if not to the island, to a share in the rich clove trade, made a settlement on the opposite side of the island to the Dutch town; and raising a fort and factory, for some few years maintained a prosperous commerce with the Mother Country. Enraged at this interference with their most lucrative trade, the Dutch was resolved to effect by treachery what they could not achieve by force-the total extirpation of their rivals from the island. For this purpose they professed the most amicable feelings towards the English, and, on the pretext of holding a national jubilee, invited the governor, officers, women and children, in fact is notable for its intelligence, celerity of movement, and its aptness in every one in the fort and factory, to join the fête. Unfortunately rallying. It is superior to the American in drill, and above all in the invitation was accepted, and the English proceeded to the Dutch discipline. Like the American, its two best arms are le genie (the settlement, where, in the midst of the feasting and hilarity, they engineers) and the artillery. It also excels in its light infantry, the were assailed by their treacherous hosts, and savagely murdered, Zouaves and Indigene battalions trained in the Algerian war, being without respect to age or sex. Some few men and women saved the best in the world, excepting the Bersaglieri of the Iialian army, from the massacre were reserved for a lingering death of famine and who are more picked men. They do every manoeuvre in a trot (pas torture. By this inhuman and disgraceful act, that utterly exter- redouble.) The off-hand way in which they defeated the Mexicans minated the English from the island, the Dutch secured for a time and overran the country proves their good quality as light troops. the sole monopoly of the clove trade with Europe, leaving to na tives and strangers the task of proclaiming to the world the atrocities perpetrated, in the name of commerce, on an unarmed and unsuspecting community.-The Household.

2. THE ISLAND OF BARBADOS.

There are 106,000 square acres of land in the island. A regiment of troops are stationed here, which is sufficient to preserve perfect order among this dense population. No fences divide the estates; no animal is suffered to roam at large; every inch of ground is cultivated like a garden-everything wears an Oriental aspect; and the trees bend to the west, caused by the trade winds, which always blow from the east.-Cor. N. Y. Sun.

3. NATIONAL CHANGES IN HALF A CENTURY. The "Statesman's Year Book" for 1867 draws an interesting tabular comparison between the state of Europe in 1817 and 1867. The half century has extinguished three kingdoms, one grand-duchy, eight duchies, four principalities, one electorate, and four republics. Three new kingdoms have arisen, and one kingdom has been transformed into an empire. There are now 41 states in Europe, against 59 which existed in 1817. It may be remarked that the 19 Grand Dukes and Dukes and Princes of 1867 will be much less ducal and princely than the 32 who ruled in 1817. Not less remarkable is the territorial extension of the superior states of the world.

The division consists of two or three (generally three) brigades, and is led by a Major-General, who, here again, is called by the French, and their admirers "General of Division," which is more expressive. The corps is formed by two or three divisions, and is led by a Lieutenant-General,-(by a Marshal, in the French service.) The qualities of the American army were best shown in the late war by the passages of the Rappahannock (evincing the skill of the engineers) and the battles before Petersburg, April 2, 1865 (showing its tactics, or style of fighting.)

The strength of the U. S. regular army now is about 55,000 men.. The term of service is five years.

2. THE FRENCH ARMY

The line infantry is organized into regiments of three battalions. If they become much reduced the 3rd battalion fills the 1st and 2nd, until it can be organized again.

The light battalions are separate, excepting the Zouaves, because the former are detached among divisions to act as sharpshooters. There are the Chasseurs de Vincennes, the Chasseurs Indigenes, the Zouaves, etc.

The battalion consists of 800 men organized into 8 companies. It is commanded by a Chef de Battalion, who has the rank of Major, and he is aided by an Adjutant-Major with the rank of Captain. There is also an Adjutant with the rank of Lieutenant.

commanded by a General of brigade. In order of battle it draws up The brigade consists of six battalions, being two regiments, and is generally "sur deux lignes," one regiment forming the first line, and the other the second line.

The division is formed of one to three brigades, according to cirChasseur battalions, and is led by a General of division. cumstances, being twelve to eighteen battalions, with one or two

The Corps d'armée is formed of two to three divisions, and is commanded by a Marshal.

The qualities of the French army are shown in the siege of Sevastopol, (for engineering skill,) and in the battle of Magenta, for celerity of movement; finally in the battle of the Alma, for light infantry action.

The strength of the French army now, as fixed by the Military Commission, is 420,000 men, and a reserve of 400,000; and the Mo