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1182. TALC. A species of fossil nearly allied to mica. Bengal, Madras, and Bombay ton 20 cwt.

1133. TALLOW in casks is allowed to stow six heights; it should be stowed low for the sake of coolness; the casks should always be treated as if they contained wet goods, and never stowed near oats or other heat-producing goods; specific gravity 1.941. In the River Plate, tallow in pipes is ordinarily stowed as a ground tier, and receives a layer of bones or horns on which hides are placed; for England it is usually packed in wine pipes and half pipes, and sometimes in boxes containing 24 cwt each. Tallow casks readily absorb salt-water, which will soon rot the wooden hoops used in St. Petersburg; they are sometimes not strong enough to hold together until the ship is discharged, and when striking out cargo, will fly off and leave the tallow unsupported; the crowbar should be used with caution. In the Sea of Azof it is shipped principally in the spring, and never in the middle of the summer, because then the tallow runs from the casks. Masters, in order to obtain more freight, usually load some casks of tallow upon deck; but this should be avoided, because through the heat of the sun the tallow loses considerably both in weight and quality. Casks of white tallow are singular, their form being conical, and their diameter at one end about 2 feet, and at the other only 14 feet. To calculate the tare on tallow it is removed from a certain number of casks, which are weighed, and an average tare is thence deducted for the whole lot. A cask weighs 8, 9, 10, or 11 cent., but the average is generally about 10 cent. of the entire weight of tallow and cask. Mare's grease is used in the manufacture of soap; it is almost like oil; in South America it is packed in square cases lined with zinc, or in tarred pipes, the hoops of which are nailed; it is not considered a desirable cargo; it is sometimes in casks which cause the ship to rot; there is also a great loss in the weight. It should be stipulated in the charter-party that if the loss in weight does not exceed 5 p cent. the reduction of freight should be 5 cent. only; see hides. The Italian brig Cogoletta, 223 tons register, loaded at Fray Bentos in the River Uruguay, the cargo following, which filled the hold on departure, but subsided considerably on the passage home.

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PROPORTIONATE FREIGHT TABLE for TALLOW and WHEAT NEAN TO THE UNITED KINGDOM AND

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1134. Deck Cargo. Court of Common Pleas, 8th July, 1863, before Lord Chief Justice ERLE and a special jury. CORRY v. ROBINSON. Plaintiff was a merchant and shipowner of New Broad Street, and defendant was owner of a line of steamers. A quantity of tallow had been shipped by plaintiff at St. Petersburg in October, 1861, on board a vessel the Eva, belonging to defendant. On the passage she took the ground on the coast of Sweden, and it became necessary to throw overboard some of the tallow stowed on dock. The tallow was subsequently recovered, and plaintiff now brought this action to recover the amount paid for salvage. Plaintiff alleged that defendant had given him what is called a clean bill of lading, and no notice as to a portion of the tallow being on deck. Defendant contended that there was a particular usage in the trade by which it was customary to stow a portion of the cargo on deck, and that ships were

OR INDIAN CORN, FROM THE BLACK SEA AND MEDITERRATHE PRINCIPAL PORTS IN EUROPE.

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constructed to carry deck cargo; also, that although defendant had not given plaintiff express notice, yet he ought to have been aware of the usual course of business, and to have insured at a higher rate of premium. It was admitted that in the case of hemp and other damageable goods, the shipper would be entitled to notice of stowage on deck, but defendant contended that tallow not being liable to damage by the sea did not come within the above category. The question for the jury was, did any exceptional custom exist in the case of tallow, with respect to the shipowner taking risk of cargo on deck. Verdict for plaintiff.

Casks. Russian tallows are in casks 8 feet by 6, containing 12 to 13 cwt., and 6 feet by 4, 94 cwt. gross. 120 poods gross weight makes a Petersburg last; 63 poods an English ton. A pood is 36 tbs.

Freight. When Black Sea wheat is 4s. 7.670d. quarter freight, tallow is rated at 30s. ☞ ton; see table at commencement, but see especially the report of the Committee on Freights at the close of the article grain. When Mediterranean wheat is 1s. quarter, tallow in casks is rated at 6s. 8d. ton of 20 cwt. Tallow pays two-thirds the freight of clean hemp or flax on the gross weight, and the freight per ton of tallow multiplied by 3 and divided by 20, to which add 3 cent., will give the proportionate rate payable on a quarter of wheat.

Tonnage. 17 tons tallow occupy 850 cubic feet or one keel, being the same as for 10 tons clean hemp. 42 casks, each 50 inches long, 30 bilge, and 27 head diameter, measure 850 cubic feet. Bengal and Madras ton 20 cwt. in cases or casks. Bombay 50 cubic feet. New York and Baltimore six barrels. A ton of Baltic tallow is freighted same as two-thirds freight of clean hemp on the gross weight.

Table showing the Proportionate Quantities of Quarters, Charges, and Tons Tallow in any number of Chetwerts, from Five to Six Thousand.

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1185. TAMARINDS are packed at Calcutta and Madras in casks, cases, and bags. Casks weigh about 200 lbs., and cases (sugar cases) 1 cwt.; the bags at Madras, 150 lbs., are usually shipped as broken stowage. Bengal and Madras ton 20 cwt., Bombay 18. In Bengal cases and casks tamarinds are shipped all the year round. In the West Indies the pods are gathered in June, July, and August, when they are fully ripe.

1186. TAPIOCA is obtained from the root of a shrub which grows in the West Indies, South America, &c. The shrub is the manioc jatropha manihot or bitter cassiava, a native of tropical America, and grows freely anywhere between Florida and Paraguay. Bengal and Madras ton 50 cubic feet. At Bahia 16 cwt. in bags and 14 cwt. in barrels. A barrel weighs about 14 cwt.

1137. TAR is obtained by smouldering the heart wood of the pine in stacks, nearly as in making charcoal, and collecting the sap in trenches. It is refined by heating it in an iron vessel, to drain off the water and pyroligneous acid; and after awhile pouring off the purer part, leaving the earthy residue. A full cargo does not require ballast except the ship be large, when about 30 to every 500 tons burthen will be necessary. Some stevedores recommend the skin and ceiling to be covered with sawdust sprinkled with water, to prevent leakage from running into the pumps, which require special attention with this description of cargo. From America to Europe it is usual to have some turpentine to throw down the pumps when choked, as being the only available substance by which tar can be dissolved. Pumps fitted with long loose wood toggles, instead of leather clappers, will, it is said, raise tar. When tar and turpentine go together, the former should be stowed in the extremities to avoid pressure, and to keep it off from the pumps. Place the barrels each side the keelson, bilge and cutline with each other, with small billets of wood between to prevent working at sea. Tar, turpentine, rosin, &c., should have flat beds of wood under the quarters an inch thick, and allowed to stow six heights. Tar taints and injures many descriptions of goods; see flour and responsibility. In the docks at Hull tar and turpentine are stowed only in an open yard or outbuilding; rent by agreement. Tar is very liable to leak; at Archangel it is put into the barrels at a temperature of about 40°, and then sent to England, where it may be 60°, and re-shipped for the East and West Indies, where the temperature may be 96°, which will cause an expansion of 4 cent. and a consequent leakage. It is recommended to put only 32 gallons into a 34-gallon cask, especially when they have to be stowed in a steam-ship; see turpentine.

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