1164. Shanghia. There are ordinarily in port 150 sail, which are moored in three or four lines, and occupy a length of three miles, it is therefore necessary to employ a steam-tug to put a ship just arrived, in her berth. A vessel due at Shanghai in May or June, that being the new tea season, ought to have the option of landing her cargo at a wharf stated in the bill of lading, as she may thereby save a freight. The charges at the Pootsung dock for three days are one tael, 6s. 8d. ton. The ship Queen of Nations, Capt. THOMAS MITCHELL, belonging to Messrs. THOMPSON and Co., Aberdeen, left Shanghai 7th October, 1864, and arrived in London, 1st February, 1865-117 days. She is 190 feet long, 32-3 broad, and 20 feet deep, and brought

Her ballast consisted of 35 tons kentledge and 280 tons shingle; the dunnage (staves and bamboo) was 18 inches thick in the bottom and 19 in the bilges. So laden she drew 17 feet 10 inches aft, and 16 feet 5 forward, which had decreased 2 inches on arrival home. Her best trim is four inches by the stern; with this cargo she was 17 inches, caused chiefly by stowing heavy teas in the after hold. The cargo was landed in good condition. Tonnage dues at Shanghai £126; pilotage in £30, out £30. At Shanghai, good ballast being expensive, ships occasionally take mud; the drainage runs under but cannot find access to the limbers. When rolling at sea, the mud in large cakes, shifts from side to side, and endangers the safety of the ship. To obviate this, stones are placed on the skin to receive the mud; the drainage then runs to the pump-well, and the mud is less liable to shift.

1165. Shanghai. The ship John R. Worcester, Capt. W. BROWN, belonging to Mr. WORCESTER, of Cannon Street, London, loaded tea at Shanghai, in 1866, and sailed 9th July; her cargo consisted of

So laden she drew 19 feet 3 inches aft, 18 feet 9 inches forward, and on arrival in London, 19 feet aft, 18 forward. Her ballast, 100 tons

pig iron, was placed each side the keelson, from the mainmast aft to the peak, and 250 tons shingle (brought from Ningpo in native junks) was levelled fore and aft, and raised a height of a chest of tea in the bilges. The shingle, obtained in a rainy season, was wet, and having being allowed to dry, was then covered with bamboos, fore and aft. The ballast and dunnage was 30 inches thick in the bottom, 18 in the bilges, and four in the sides. The tea consisted of 10,500 chests nearly all congou, and 600 half chests; with 1,400 boxes of hyson and gunpowder. The wine was stowed aft on the ballast; the silk in the 'tween decks, two beams abaft the after hatch, on a ground tier of tea, with boxes of tea in the wings for dunnage. Eighteen days loading. For ballasting by night very heavy fees are paid to the Chinese Customs.

1166. With tea in a general cargo, dunnage bottom 9 inches, bilge 14, sides 2. It is injured by being stowed with salt, sugar, turpentine, guano, and other vapour-producing and damp commodities. One package of camphor will damage an entire cargo of tea. Hops have been known to destroy the flavour of gunpowder tea when stowed near for a short time only, and would more readily destroy the flavour of all other kinds; see general cargo. When the boxes are passed through the bonded warehouses at the Customhouse, a piece of lead on the top of the chest is cut on three sides, to take out samples, and flapped back again immediately, but it is not soldered, so that the tea is then much more liable to injure. In China this would cause the tea to spoil in two or three weeks; tea will keep in England, London especially, for four or five years, while in China it cannot be kept until the following season without serious injury. Australian ships often load tea in China as part cargo and fill up with sugar at Manilla. It is said that in 1846, tea stowed over sugar was landed at Sydney, where the packages were almost black with the fumes from bilge-water; it did not, however, appear to affect the sales there.

1167. A Chinese ship or junk is seldom the property of one individual-usually ten. The bulkheads by which her ten divisions are formed consist of stout planks, so well caulked with chunam and bamboo shavings as to be completely water-tight. Much loss of stowage is of course sustained; but the Chinese exports usually contain a considerable value in small bulk. The leakage made by a junk was (in 1870) bailed out with buckets from the different divisions or compartments; the Chinese seem at that period to have no idea of the advantages of a pump. When once a junk strikes on a rock or reef she is wholesale plunder for all comers; it is stated to be the

belief of the Chinese that their Joss (god) has sent them a No. 1 chance, and they seem to take instant advantage of the opportunity.

1168. Tainted. An important trial regarding a cargo of damaged tea took place 20th and 21st December, 1869, at the Court of Common Pleas, before the LORD CHIEF JUSTICE. The ship Wemyss Castle, belonging to Messrs. BLACK and Co., which registers 700 tons, and measures 183 x 31 x 17-9 feet, loaded at Foo Chow Foo in 1868, sailed in June, and arrived in the docks, London, in October. On delivery, the consigness, Messrs. BRANDT and Co., of Great St. Helen's, declared the tea damaged through improper stowage; this was resisted, but a commission having been sent to China, found that the stevedore employed had pronounced the hold unfit for its reception, having been "cleaned and dressed with kerosine oil which was not dry," but the mate persisted in having the cargo stowed. Meantime, bills having been drawn against the cargo for £8,900, and the tainting having been admitted, a conjoint valuation was made of the 1,372 packages as a guide for the subsequent settlement, viz. :—

so that if the tea had been sound, it would have been worth £9,379 108. 2d. gross; it realised at auction £6,589 1s. 10d. net, the gross amount being £6,665 11s. Od. The difference, £2,796 8s. 4d., was the amount claimed. Defendants paid £1,100 into court and alleged that the tea had not been sold judiciously. For the plaintiffs, Mr. JOHN EVANS (Messrs. EVANS, M'CAIR, and Co.) stated that the tea was divided into nine breaks (or chops) and that two samples were extracted from each break; the two were mixed, and the mixture taken as the sample of the break; the eighteen samples from the nine breaks thus formed nine samples. Upon the discovery of the taint the tea was resampled and the same taint was found; fifty chests in each mark were examined-perhaps 400 altogether. Every chest was marked either with figure 2. fair condition, or 1. not quite so good. The price of the tea when sound was 2/2; it realised 1/6 Ib. Defendants objected to the mode of marking for auction, as the marks were not to be relied upon : there is some difficulty in testing a large quantity of tea. Mr. C. W. GORDON (Messrs. EWART and Co.) stated that the sense of smell becomes deteriorated and less acute as the duty progresses. A sample from each chest was placed on a tray and he smelt it and marked its condition. Three samples were placed before him at one time. Generally three men were engaged in drawing samples, sometimes five. The operation is rapid and was conducted in the usual way. He could not depend upon his own marks after the re-inspection; he examined nearly 400 packages. A good handful of tea is taken out of each chest.

Messrs. MOFFATT and Co. bought 150 chests from Messrs. SAMPSON and Co. to whom they paid cent. brokerage. Part of this lot was purchased by ELLIOTT at 1/43 b. The price paid by SAMPSON and Co. at the sale varied from 1/3 to 1/4 b. Mr. W. R. ELLIOTT, of Bethnal Green Road, said he bought 50 halfchests. The people at Bethnal Green do not like the taste of tar any better than

those at the West End. Some of the tea was turned out for four or five days and he put with it some orange-flavoured pekoe, which is used for mixing only; it varies from 1/6 to 3/- b. [Mr. HAWKINS, Q.C.: That would produce a smell between tar and orange flower-laughter.] We sold this tea at 2/8 lb.; the price we bought at was in bond. Turning out depreciates the quality. The judge thought that every chest should have been turned out as there was a difference of from £4 to £5 in the value, but it was stated that turning would deteriorate sound tea to the extent of from 4d. to 6d. lb.

For the defence, Mr. BowYER (with others) stated that if sold differently the tea would have made a much larger sum. When testing he placed his hand in the chest up to the wrist. With a crowbar the tea can be stirred up better. He does not stir up his tea with a crowbar. (Laughter.)

The jury found for the plaintiffs, with damages, £900, in addition to £1,100 paid into court, making £2,000 in all. During the trial it was stated that every one who had a catalogue is entitled to draw a sample; he is bound to send an equivalent, which must be near the mark, but is not placed in the chest until the sale is over. If high-class tea is tainted it is depreciated more in price than low-class tea. When more than a third of a break is found unsound it is treated as an "all fault" parcel. On turning out, the brokers have a scale ranging from a half-penny to 4d. Ib. When tea is mouldy it is always turned out, but not when tainted. If there had been a fire in a warehouse and six chests were damaged, the whole parcel would be inspected.

TERMS USED BY TEA BROKERS (at this trial).

S out Means sound after being turned out.

1169. Tea or Silk. ADAMSON V. DUNCAN. Before the Lord Chief Justice. Queen's Bench, 9th June, 1865. In May, 1863, plaintiff chartered the Ann Adamson to defendants, from London for Shanghai or Nagasaki and back, "for the round (i.e. for the voyage out and home), at £6 10s. ton of 50 cubic feet of tea or silk; if other goods be shipped, freight to be in the same proportion as if those goods were tea." She discharged at Nagasaki and loaded cotton and other lawful merchandise, but no tea or silk. It was assumed that this was a full cargo, and that the capacity of the vessel for tea was equal to 769 tons of 50 cubic feet, and also that the homeward cargo was less than 769 tons of 50 cubic feet, and less than 769 tons of 20 cwt. Plaintiff contended that she was entitled "on the round" to £6 10s. ton, on 769 tons, and defendant that freight was payable on the number of tons actually shipped according to the standard of 50 cubic feet or 20 cwt. The question turned upon the words "in the same proportion." Verdict for plaintiff, when the judge said, " In my opinion the meaning is that the shipowner is to be in the same position as if there were a full cargo of tea or silk."

1170. Delivery. Court of Exchequer, 21st February, 1865. Before the Lord Chief Baron. CAMA V. HOLMES. An action to recover from the ship Clarendon the value of ten chests of tea, alleged not to have been delivered on the vessel's arrival from Shanghai. They formed part of a parcel of 300; it was not disputed that the full quantity had been put on board originally. Plaintiff complained that they had not been landed, and that they must either have been abstracted from the ship before she sailed or made away with during the voyage. Defendant contended that the right number had been placed in the custody of the Dock Company, who mislaid them, if they were not stolen after they left the ship. The tellers (persons who check the cargo as it is discharged) were called, and as the jury seemed to think that if one took check and another counter-check there could not be much difficulty in setting right any mistake as to the number discharged from a ship. One of them asked a teller if their accounts varied frequently. Very often," was the reply. "Well then," said the juryman, "when that happens, what do the tellers do?" Why," said the teller, "then we give way to one another." In summing up, his lordship said that the place to look for a missing thing was the place where you usually expect to find it. There had been but little search, for the tea was to go upon the seventh story, and went there, and there it was that a search had been made for the missing chests, and the search was restricted to that particular spot. If the chests were not on the seventh story a search ought to have been made somewhere else. Verdict for defendant.

1171. TERRA JAPONICA, the old pharmaceutical signification of the substance now called catechu or cutch, which see.

1172. TIER, a range of casks or packages in the hold, hence the ground tier or that next the keelson, second tier, third, upper, &c.

1173. TILES. One plain tile is 10 5-8ths inch thick, and weighs 2 lbs. 5 ozs. one load, and weighs 21 cwt. A pan-tile is half-inch thick, and weighs 4 lbs. 11 ozs. cwt.; see stone and slate.

inches long, 6 wide 1,000 plain tiles make 134 inches long, 9 wide, 1,000 pan-tiles weigh 42

1174. TIMBER. Ships of ordinary capacity will carry of the usual cargoes from American colonial ports, about 45 cent. beyond the builder's tonnage, allowing for deck loads which would be generally equal to 7 cent.; from Sierra Leone a cargo equal to the builder's tonnage in generally delivered; from Moulmein about 20 p cent. above builder's tonnage; from Savannah and Mobile about 25 cent. above builder's tonnage; from Leghorn and Ancona, and West Indies, with greenheart, it is rarely that ships turn out equal to the builder's tonnage, perhaps from five to ten cent. less. These computations have been taken from ships built for or employed for a long period in the trade, and have no reference to clippers built