TREENAILS-NUMBER AND SIZES OF PIECES TO A LOAD.

FIR AND OAK PLANK-NUMBER AND SIZES OF PIECES

TABLE of the weight of timber, green and seasoned, as used in the ships of war; it being also the data from which the weight of the timber materials is calculated in computing the ship's displacement at Devonport, 1832:

The Malabar teak is the heaviest and the Rangoon the lightest of all Indian teaks used in ship-building. The average weight of the timber materials in a ship or vessel of war is about 50 lbs. to the cubic foot, and for the masts and yards about 40 lbs.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF WOOD-TON OF 20 cwt.

The specific gravity of timber varies not only according to the different sorts of the same kind, but according to the time which elapses after it is felled. The average weight at the period of shipment is of the most consequence to masters; the above table is calculated for that purpose. Additional information on weight of timber will be found under the heading gravity, specific.

From GRIER's Mechanics' Calculator and ROBERTS' Mechanics' Assistant.

WEIGHT OF A CUBIC FOOT IN POUNDS.

The timber in every case supposed to be dry, and pure water being=1.

The average weight of the different species of timber, used in building and equipping war ships in the U. S. Navy, may be reckoned about 50 lbs. to the cubic foot.

1228. TIN. At Newport, two or three tiers of boxes of tin plates are laid on good dunnage on the floor, to make a platform; the boxes are then raised from the sides, to meet in the middle, coming as high up towards the deck as possible.

Small bars of tin are packed in barrels; in blocks, loose. In the island of Banca it is cast in ingots from 20 to 60 lbs. In China the superior sort is called Banca, the inferior Straits tin. At Singapore tin is shipped loose in slabs, and a careful tally should be taken as it is received on board; see copper.

Weights. About 40 ingots of tin go to a ton; a barrel of tin for export contains from 2 to 4 cwt., or the sixth of a ton. A Swedish waag 123-2668 lbs. ; Turkish quintal or cantaro=44 okes; Malacca tampang 13 lbs., bedoor 24 lbs. ; kiss 15 bedoors or 30 tapangs=40 lbs. 11 ounces; Surat maund 37 33 lbs.

1229. TOBACCO flowers in America, in July and August. Paraguay tobacco shipped at Buenos Ayres, is usually in bales measuring about 10 cubic feet; Bahia 80 to 250 lbs. ; the shipments from Samarang and Sourabaya are also in bales; Japanese weigh 250 lbs. The ballast for tobacco is less than for cotton, which requires say 27 tons to every 100 tons, according to the build of the ship; dunnage 9 inches, sides 24. Green or damp tobacco generates heat, and spontaneous combustion may follow; it should never be stowed next the engine room in a steamer, or near oilcake, which see; for injury by odour from hides, see hides; for stowage, see also casks and general cargo. For exportation from England to the Cape of Good Hope and India, manufactured tobacco should be placed in the coolest part of the ship. Proximity to the engine-room of a steamer will destroy its quality more effectively perhaps than damp. In coasting and other vessels it should be stowed in a cold dry place; if it continues long in a warm position, it becomes heated and mildewed and is liable to spontaneous combustion. A separate and distinct manifest is required for tobacco; draft is allowed by the Customs on this article alone.

1230. Capt. POPE, of the brigantine Jessie, of Liverpool, loaded at Bahia in November, 1861, a full cargo, 376 tons of tobacco, which consisted of 1,796 bales, weighing from 6 to 13 arrobas each-the arroba of tobacco being 32 lbs. The ballast, 47 tons of stone, was trimmed fore and aft, and the dunnage, piassava, weighed from 10 to 12 tons; about 600 bundles of it were spread. So laden, the Jessie was in good trim, rather light, and drew 12 feet aft and 11 feet 8 inches forward. With a full cargo of coal, 430 tons, her draught is 13 feet aft and 12 feet 2 inches forward; length over all 125 feet, keel 113 feet, breadth 26 feet and 8 inches, and depth of hold 11 feet 3 inches. In the spring of 1864, the brig Herald, 183 tons register, Capt. PHILIP ORSATO, belonging to Messrs. MAIGNY, ROBIN, and Co., of Jersey, took in at Bahia, 222 tons (12 cwt. to the ton) of leaf tobacco in bales, when she drew 10 feet 8 inches; with 290 tons of coal 13 feet. In the Court of Exchequer, 3rd July, 1866, CHAVES v. BROOKE. This was an action for injury to tobacco received by bad stowage. Oddly enough, the bill of lading did not contain the usual exception relative to the perils of the sea; plaintiff did not desire to take advantage of this fact. Mr. Baron BRAMWELL said it would be implied that the owners were not responsible for the perils of the sea. For the plaintiff, who is a merchant at Bahia, it was alleged that the tobacco, when shipped, was in a dry and perfect state; but owing to its having been stowed away with piassava-a long thread

grass which grows from trees, and which is cut by the natives, tied up in bundles, and exported to England-it became heated and useless. The grass, it was said, had been exposed to tropical rains, and had been shipped in a wet state. This was answered by a statement that the grass was always exposed to the sun in order to ensure its being dry before it was put under hatches. The defence was that the damage of which plaintiff complained had been brought about by the perils of the sea. The vessel had encountered hard gales and heavy seas, which she continually shipped and became much strained, and when she entered the dock she presented the appearance of having been exposed to severe weather. The tobacco when shipped was both green and wet. The report made by the dock authority, after examination, was that it had been injured by the sea; the moment the hatches were removed, there were direct indications to be seen of water having found its way into the hold. His lordship, with the greatest conciseness, put the case to the jury, who after a very short deliberation found for the defendant.

1231. Average. In all species of goods, with one exception, the loss, whatever it may be, is paid by the underwriters, if it amounts to the required limit of danger. The warranty is destroyed and the underwriters become liable. The excepted case is tobacco in casks from America. On this interest the policies, I believe, invariably contain the following clause: "In case of particular average, to pay the excess of 5 cent. on the value of 10 hogsheads." This arose from the special circumstances under which tobacco is shipped in Virginia and elsewhere. The casks, which are large, are rolled down often from a considerable distance to the shipping place, over roads which are frequently wet and bad; so that a certain degree of damage to the outside part of the contents of the casks is expected, whether the tobacco meet with sea perils or not. It is calculated to be on the average 5 cent. Any sea damage supervening on this is to be paid. When the casks are in the warehouse the contents are taken out, and the outside of the mass is cut off with hatchets and burnt.-Hopkins on Average.

1232. The ship Cissy, 649 tons register, Capt. THOMAS SPENCER, belonging to Messrs. TEMPERLEY, CARTER, and DARKE, of Leadenhall Street, left Yokohama 18th February, 1864, with 2,147 bales cotton, 80 bales tobacco, 12 bales silk, and 18 cases Japanese curiosities. The bales of cotton weighed on average 270 lbs., and measured 3 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 5 inches by 2 feet 5 inches; tobacco, 250 lbs., 3 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 5 inches by 2 feet 5 inches; and the bales of silk 2 feet 9 inches by 21 inches by 21 inches. The ballast con