Algeciras, in Gibraltar Bay, station of Franco-Spanish Fleet sup- porting the Siege of Gibraltar, 121, 230, 231. Arbuthnot, Marriott, British Ad- miral, commands North American Station, 1779, 113, 148; anger at Rodney's in- trusion on his command, 150; supports the attack on Charleston, 1780, 151; sta- tion in Gardiner's Bay, 151, 170; action with French squadron under des Touches, 1781, 171; regains command of Chesapeake Bay, 174; superseded, 1781, 176. Arethusa, British frigate. En- counter with French frigate Belle Poule marks beginning of War of 1778 with France, 62, 82. Armed Neutrality, The, of 1780, 3, 158.
Arnold, Benedict, American Gen- eral. Effects following his action on Lake Champlain in 1776, 3, 4, 7, 25; with Ethan Allen, seizes Ticon- deroga and Crown Point, 1775, 8; captures or destroys all hostile shipping on Lake Champlain, 9; traverses Maine forests, and joins Mont- gomery before Quebec, 10; maintains blockade of Quebec till arrival of a British squad- ron, 10; retreats to Crown Point, and destitution of his troops, 11; schemes for main- taining command of Lake Champlain, 12; his force, and its character, 14, 15, 17; compelled by shore batteries to abandon lower Narrows
of the Lake, 15; selects Valcour Island as position for defence, 15; decision to risk destruction of force ra- ther than retire, 18, 19; sound strategic and tactical ideas, 20; Battle of Valcour Island, 21; successful withdrawal after defeat, 23; overtaken and flotilla destroyed, 25; effect of his resistance in delaying British advance, 25; conduct, courage, and heroism throughout, 27; his subsequent treason, 18, 27, 152; commands British detachment in Vir- ginia, 153, 169, 170, 174. Danger in-
Immigration, volved in, 4.
Barbados, West India Island, head- quarters of British Leeward Islands Station, 99; advan- tage of Santa Lucia over, 104, 144, 207; notably for crippled ships, 144; devastated by hurricane, 1780, 159. Barrington, Samuel, British Admiral,
commands Leeward Islands Station, 99; capture of Santa Lucia by, 100-102; success- fully resists d'Estaing's effort to recapture, 103, 104; super- seded in chief command by Byron, 105; share in Byron's action with d'Estaing, 107, 109; goes home wounded, 112; refuses command-in- chief of the Channel Fleet, 1780, 157; serves in it under Howe, 227; captures a French convoy for East Indies, 227. Terre, St. Kitts, Operations around, 1782, 196-205; char- acter of anchorage at, 199.
Battle, Order of, defined, 93 (note),
200 (note). Battles, Naval, Valcour Island, Octo- ber 11, 1776, 19–23. Charleston Harbor, June 28, 1776, 33.
D'Estaing and Howe, August 10 and 11, 1778, 73-75. Ushant, July 27, 1778, 84-91. Barrington and d'Estaing, Santa Lucia, December 15, Belle 1778, 102-104.
Byron and d'Estaing, Grenada, July 6, 1779, 105-112. De Langara and Rodney, Cape St. Vincent, January 16, 1780, 123.
De Guichen and Rodney, off Martinique, April 17, 1780, 131-135.
De Guichen and Rodney, May 15, 1780, 143, 144.
De Guichen and Rodney, May 19, 1780, 144.
Cornwallis and La Motte-Pic-
quet, off Haiti, March 20, 1780, 153.
Hughes and Suffren, off Ceylon, April 12, 1782, 242-244. Hughes and Suffren, off Nega-
patam, July 6, 1782, 244–246. Hughes and Suffren, off Trin- comalee, September 3, 1782, 247-251.
Hughes and Suffren, off Cud- dalore, June 20, 1783, 253. N.B. Naval Battles end here. Poule, French Frigate. En- counter with British Arethusa marks beginning of War of 1778 with Great Britain, 61, 82.
Blane, Sir Gilbert, Physician to British Fleet under Rodney, quoted, 124, 219, 220, 221. Burgoyne, Sir John, British Gen- eral, 3, 6, 14, 23, 27, 28, 50-53, 55; decisive effect of Ameri- can control of Lake Cham- plain, in 1776, upon his ex- pedition, in 1777, 3, 9, 13, 14, 25; his surrender at Saratoga, 53; it determines France to intervene, 6, 58.
Cornwallis and de Ternay, June Byng, John, British Admiral, in-
20, 1780, 155–157.
De Grasse and Hood, off Mar-
tinique, April 29, 1781, 163- 167.
Arbuthnot and des Touches, off
Cape Henry, March 16, 1781, 171-173.
De Grasse and Graves, off Cape Henry, September 5, 1781, 179-183.
The Doggers Bank, August 5, 1781, 189-193.
De Grasse and Hood, St. Kitts, January 25 and 26, 1782, 199– 204.
De Grasse and Rodney, near Dominica, April 9 and 12, 1782, 207-221.
Howe with Franco-Spanish Fleet near Gibraltar, October 20, 1782, 231, 232.
Johnstone and Suffren, Porto
Praya, Cape Verde Islands, April 16, 1781, 236-238. Hughes and Suffren, Coro- mandel Coast, February 17, 1781, 240-242.
fluence of his execution, in 1756, upon the minds of naval officers, 93, 139, 146.
Byron, John, British Admiral, or- dered to North American Station, 1778, 59; delayed by heavy weather, and puts into Halifax, 62; Howe sup- erseded by, 80; goes to West Indies, 105; action with D'Estaing off Grenada, 105- 111; comments upon course of, 110-112; returns to Eng- land, 112.
Canada, Strength of, against attack
from southward, 7; its ad- vantage in this respect over New York, 8; comprehen- sion of these facts by Ameri- cans of 1775, from the old French Wars, 8; attempt to utilize, by British, frustrated by Arnold's promptitude, 9; invasion of, under Mont- gomery, ordered by American Congress, 1775, 9; failure of
the attempt, decided by Brit- ish Navy, 10-12; British advance from, under Carle- ton, 1776, 15-26; Burgoyne's advance from, 1777, 51-53. Cap François (now Cap Haïtien), French naval station on north side of Haïti, 147-149, 153, 154, 168, 176, 178, 206, 223, 225. Carkett, Robert, British Naval Cap-
tain, misunderstanding of Rodney's orders by, causes failure of British attack of April 17, 1780, 133; Rodney's censure of, 137-139. Carleton, Sir Guy, Governor and Commander-in-Chief, in Can- ada, 1775-6, 9; besieged and blockaded in Quebec by Americans, 10-12; relieved by British Navy, 11; takes the offensive, 17; delayed decisively by Arnold's prep- arations on Lake Cham- plain, 13, 18; battle of Val- cour Island, 20-23; success- fully eluded by Arnold, 23; honored by Government for the campaign, 26.
Carolinas, North and South, sup- posed British sympathies in, 31, exaggerated, 175; pedition against Charleston, and battle of Charleston Har- bor, 1776, 31-38; opera- tions against, and against Georgia, renewed, 1779, 113- 115, and 1780, 151-153; dis- astrous consequences to Brit- ish operations, 114, 152, 174- 176.
Champlain, Lake, Decisive effect of naval operations upon, 3, 4, 7, 13, 14, 25, 26; strategic importance of, 7; naval cam- paign upon, 1775-1776, chap- ter i; remains in naval con- trol of British throughout the war, 28. Charleston, South Carolina, attack upon by British squadron,
1776, 32-37; siege and cap- ture of, by the British, 1780, 114, 151.
Chesapeake Bay, naval command
of, by French, 1781, accom- plishes independence of United States, 4, 114, 184; Sir William Howe moves by way of, against Philadelphia, 1777, 52; operations in and near, 1781, 169-174, 177-185; Brit- ish control of, in 1781, prior to arrival of de Grasse, 174; de Grasse reaches, 1781, 178. Clinton, Sir Henry, British General, commands land force em- ployed in Carolinas, 1776, 31, 32; in seizure of Narragansett Bay, 48; left in command at New York by Howe, 1777, 52; advance up the Hudson River, 1777, 55; relieves Howe as Commander-in-Chief in North America, 56, 63; evacuates Philadelphia, and retreats upon New York, 1778, 63; narrowness of his escape, 63, 64; evacuates Narragansett Bay, 1779, 115; operations of, in South Caro- lina, and capture of Charles- ton, 151; leaves Cornwallis in command in Carolina, and re- turns to New York, 152; sends detachments to Virginia, for diversion in favor of Corn- wallis, 1781, 153, 169; seri- ous difference of opinion be- tween, and Cornwallis, 115, 175; orders of, to Corn- wallis, which result in posi- tion at Yorktown, 1781, 175. Commerce, effects upon, through inadequate naval preparation, 59-61, 117, 126, 158; table of losses of British, 61 (note). Convoys, effect of, upon naval
action, strategic or tactical, 105, 106, 109, 122, 126, 130, 148, 155-157, 158, 166, 176, 188, 189, 193, 199, 206-209, 227-229, 229-231, 235, 236- 238, 240, 246. Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, British General, accompanies expedi- tion against Charleston, 1776, 31; hurried to Trenton, after Washington's victory there, 49; professional quarrel with
Sir H. Clinton, 115, 175; at siege and capture of Charles- ton, 152; left in command of southern department, 1780, 152; defeats Gates at Cam- den, 1780, 152; pushes on to North Carolina, 152; em- barrassments there, 152; en- ters Virginia, and joins Arnold at Petersburg, 1781, 153, 174; ordered by Clinton to occupy a defensive position which
retake, 252; relieved by Suf- fren, 252-254.
Darby, George, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet, 1780, 157; relief of Gibraltar by, 1781, 186-188; blocked in Torbay by Franco-Span- ish fleet, 1781, 188-189. Delaware, Naval Operations in the, 1777, 52-55; in 1778, 59, 62– 64.
should cover anchorage for a De Barras, French Commodore, com-
fleet, 175; evacuates Ports- mouth, and takes position at Yorktown, 175; French
cruisers bar his retreat towards the Carolinas, and occupy
mands squadron in Newport, 1781, 174; opinion concern- ing des Touches' conduct, 174; junction with de Grasse in Chesapeake Bay, 1781, 184.
York River, 179; enclosed De Bouillé, French General, governor
by French fleet and French and American armies, 184;
compelled to surrender,
of Martinique, 1780, concerts with de Guichen an attack on British West Indies, 130; project against Barbados, 1782, 197; capture of St. Kitts, 197-205.
Cordova, Spanish Admiral, com-
mands in allied fleet under d'Orvilliers, 1779, 118, 119; in chief command, at Cadiz, 125; in Channel, 1781, 188; in 1782, 228; at Algeciras, during Howe's relief of Gibral- tar, 230-232.
D'Estaing, Comte, French Admiral, in chief command, in 1778, of first French fleet sent to
Cornwallis, Sir William (brother of Lord), British naval captain, share in action between Byron De and d'Estaing, 1779, 108- 110, 153; in command of a squadron, action with La Motte-Picquet, 1780, 153; ac- tion with de Ternay's squad- ron, 155-157; characteris- tics, and nickname of, 157; distinguished part in Hood's action with de Grasse, 1782, 201; share in Rodney's vic- tory, 217; quoted, 156, 198, 200, 203, 211. Crown Point, military post on Lake Champlain, 8; seized by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, 1775, 8; General Mont- gomery embarks at, to in- vade Canada, 1775, 9; Ar- nold retreats to, in 1776, after reverses in Canada, 12; part in campaign of 1776, 24; re- covered by British, 25; occupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender, 28. Cuddalore, British post in India, on Coromandel Coast, be- sieged by Hyder Ali and Suffren, 242; taken by Hyder Ali, 244; British attempt to
America, 59; biographical summary of, 59 (note); Gov- ernment instructions to, 59; slowness of movements of, 62-64; failure to attack Howe at Sandy Hook, 66-68; pro- fessional inefficiency of, 67, 79, 111, 112; proceeds to Newport, R. I., 69, and enters the harbor, 70; joins Ameri- cans in siege of the town, 70; abandons it on Howe's ap- pearance and puts to sea, 73; manœuvres against Howe, 73- 75; fleet scattered by gale, refuses to renew siege of Newport, and goes to Boston, 77, 78; outgeneralled throughout by Howe, 78;
goes to West Indies, 1779, 100; fails to recover Santa Lucia, 102-104; captures Grenada, 105; action with Byron, 106-112; fails in at- tempt to retake Savannah, 115; returns to Europe with ships of his original command, 115; sent to Cadiz, in 1780, to bring back to Brest French contingent of Allied Fleet, 158. De Grasse, Comte, French Admiral, exercises the decisive effect in obtaining American Inde- pendence, 4; sails to take chief command in America, 1781, 162; action with Hood off Martinique, 163-165; Che- valier's comment on conduct of, 166; abortive attempt against Santa Lucia, 167;
by Rodney, 130; action of April 17, with Rodney, 130- 135; orders of French Gov- ernment to, 141; consequent conduct of, 141-145; actions with Rodney, May 15, 142, and May 19, 144; broken down by responsibility, 145; under orders, accompanies Spanish squadron to Cap François, 147; there refuses to coöperate with Americans, 147; returns to Europe, 148; commands French contingent to Allied Fleet under de Cor- dova, 1781, 188; advises attack upon British Fleet in Tor Bay, 189; loses great part of West India military convoy entrusted to his charge, 196.
capture of Tobago by, 168; De Langara, Spanish Admiral, squad- goes to Cap François, 168, 176, and there prepares for expedition against Cornwallis, 178; on this occasion shows energy and foresight unusual to him, 178; anchors Chesapeake Bay, 178; tion with Graves, 179-184; regains Chesapeake, 184; re- turns to West Indies after Cornwallis's surrender, 185; expedition against St. Kitts, 1782, 197-205; outgeneralled by Hood, 201, 204, 205; St. Kitts surrenders to, 205; Hood escapes from, 205; re- turns to Martinique, 206; expedition against Jamaica, plan of, 206; puts to sea, 207; transactions from April 8 to April 12, 207-212; de- feated in great battle of April 12, 213-221, and cap- tured with flagship, 221; De professional character of, illus- trated, 166, 178, 184, 198,
ron under command of, de- feated, and himself captured by Rodney, 122, 123; in- efficiency of, 125. D'Orves, Comte, French Admiral, commands in East Indies, 1781, 235, 236; joined by Suffren, 239; sails for Coro- mandel Coast, 240; dies, and succeeded by Suffren, 240. D'Orvilliers, Comte, French Admiral, commander-in-chief of Brest Fleet, 1778, 82; puts to sea, 82; Government instructions to, 83; encounter with Brit- ish Fleet under Keppel, 83; manœuvres of, and action of July 27, 83-91; comment upon, 92, 97; summer cruise of, 1779, 116-120; hampered by instructions, 119; re- turns to Brest unsuccessful, 120.
205, 207, 209, 214, 215, 216. De Guichen, Comte de, succeeds
d'Estaing in North American command, 1780, 115, 130; biographical summary of, 115 (note); project of against Barbados, 130; frustrated
Suffren, Bailli, French Captain and Admiral, with d'Estaing in Narragansett Bay, 1778, 69; in the action with Byron off Grenada, 111; his comment upon d'Estaing's conduct, 111; biographical summary of, 111 (note); sails for East Indies, 1781, 163, 236; effect upon operations of, in India,
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