The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence

which relieves Quebec, 1776,
10; quoted, 11, 14, 17, 18,
22, 25, 26; energetic prepara-
tions by, to regain control
of Lake Champlain, 15-17;
force created by, 17; made
a baronet for his services at
this time, 26; captain of the
fleet to Rodney, 1782, 222;
opinion as to Rodney's con-
duct cited, 222.

Farragut, at Mobile, cited in illus-
tration, 66 (note).
Fighting Instructions,

Additional,
point in, bearing upon the
failure of Rodney's plan of
attack, April 17, 1780, 133,
138, 139 (and note).

by capture of a French con-
voy in Bay of Biscay, 228;
attacks British squadron in
Porto Praya, 236-238; saves
Cape of Good Hope, 238;
arrives Ile de France, 239;
succeeds to chief command in
East Indies, 240; five battles
with British squadron, 240,
242, 244, 247, 253; captures
Trincomalee, 1782, 247; re-
lieves Cuddalore, 252-254;
estimate of, 254, 255.
De Ternay, French Commodore,
commands squadron with con-
voy, from Brest for Newport,
R. I., 155; action with Brit-
ish squadron under Corn-
wallis, 1780, 155-157; com-
ment, favorable and unfavor-
able, 156; death of, 1781,
and succeeded by des
Touches, 170.
Des Touches, French Commodore,
succeeds de Ternay in com-
mand at Newport, 1781, 170;
sails to enter Chesapeake
Bay, to check British opera-
tions in Virginia, 170; pur-
sued by Arbuthnot, 171;
action between the two squad-
rons, 171-173; gains tactical
advantage, but leaves the field
to the British, 174; justified
by de Barras, who arrives
and supersedes him, 174.
De Vaudreuil, Marquis, French
Admiral, second to de Grasse
in 1782, 209; commands-in-
chief partial attack on Hood's
division, 209; quoted, 214;
succeeds to chief command Gates, Horatio, American General,
upon de Grasse's surrender,
222; condition of his com-
mand after the battle, 223;
pursued by Rodney, but
reaches Cap François, 225.
Doggers Bank, Battle of the, 1781,
189-194.
Dominica, British West India Island,

captured by French, 1778, 99;
battle of, 208, 209, 210, 213,
215.

Douglas, Sir Charles, British naval
captain, commands squadron

"Fleet in Being," 73, 174; how
regarded, apparently,
by
D'Orvilliers in 1779, 119.
France, intervention of France in
the American quarrel deter-
mined by Burgoyne's defeat,
and leads to Spanish inter-
vention, 3, 58, 116; vacil-
lating naval instructions of
Government of, 83, 118, 119,
141, 154; divergence of views
between Spain and, 120, 121,
147, 158, 186, 188, 189.
France, Ile de (now Mauritius),
French naval station in Indian
Ocean, 126, 234, 236, 239.

Gardiner's Bay, east end of Long
Island, station of British
fleet under Arbuthnot, watch-
ing French at Newport, 151,
170.

defeated by Cornwallis at
Camden, 152.

George, Lake, a link in consecutive
water communications from
New York to Canada, 7, 51.
Gibraltar, d'Estaing ordered to
commence hostilities when
forty leagues west of, 59;
capture of, a leading object
with Spanish Government,
120; this desire affects the
major operations of Allies
throughout the war, 121, 186:

blockade of, by land and sea, | Holland, brought into War of Ameri-

121; Rodney's relief of, 1780,
121-126, 157; Darby's relief
of, 1781, 186, 188; Howe's
relief of, 1782, 229-233.
Glossary, of technical terms used
in this book, 257.

Grant, James, British General, share
of in capture of Santa Lucia,
102-104.
Graves, Sir Thomas, British Admiral,

brings reinforcement of vessels
to New York, 151; relieves
Arbuthnot in command of
North American Station, 1781,
176; difficulties of, owing to
interception of communica-
tions, 177; joined by Hood
off New York, 177; sails for
the relief of Cornwallis, 178;
action of, with French fleet
under de Grasse, 179–184;
conduct of, criticized by Hood,
181, 182, 184; returns to
New York, 184; relieves
Sir Peter Parker in Jamaica
command, 185.
Great Britain, feeble hold of, upon
Canada, 1775, 10; shown by
rewards for saving the colony,
26; inadequate provision of
force by, 1774-1776, 29, 30,
59, 62, 79, 82, 99, 112, 116,
117, 120, 127, 148, 189, 193,
226; improper dispersion of
effort by, 30, 31, 48, 52, 56,
62, 63, 72, 113-115, 151-153,
175; distrust of Government
of, among naval officers, 79,
81, 93, 95, 97, 99, 135, 146,
157, 158, 193; alarm in,
produced by Allied fleets in
Channel, 1779, 117; declares
war against Holland, 1780, 158.
Grenada, British West India Island,

captured by French, 105;
naval battle off, 105-112.

Haïti, French West India Island,
147, 148, 168 (see "Cap
François"); squadron action
off north coast of, 153-155.
Hardy, Sir Charles, British Admiral,
commands Channel Fleet, 117,
119.

can Independence by con-
curring in Armed Neutrality
of Baltic Powers, 1780, 3, 158,
236; colonial possessions of,
3, 158, 160-162, 236, 240,
246; St. Eustatius, St. Mar-
tin, and Saba, West India
Islands of, taken by Rodney,
160-162; battle of Doggers
Bank, 189-193; fleet of, held
in check by Howe, 1782, 228;
Cape of Good Hope menaced
by British, saved by Suffren,
236-238; Trincomalee, in
Ceylon, taken by British,
240, recaptured by Suffren,
247.

Hood, Sir Samuel (afterwards Lord),
British Admiral, arrives in
West Indies, 1781, with re-
inforcements for Rodney, 160;
sent to cruise off Martinique,
to intercept de Grasse, 162;
action between, and de
Grasse, 163-167; exceptional
ability of, 166, 184; French
tribute to, 167; sent by Rod-
ney with fourteen ships-of-the-
line to reinforce North Ameri-
can station, 176; under com-
mand of Admiral Graves,
sails for Chesapeake, 177;
part of, in action between
Graves and de Grasse, 180-
183; criticisms of, upon
Graves's conduct, 181, 182,
184; returns to West Indies,
185; in chief command there
for two months, 196-205;
brilliant operations of, at
St. Kitts, 197-205; super-
seded by Rodney's return,
205; part of, in action of
April 9, 1782, 208-210; in
battle of April 12, 212-221;
de Grasse's flagship strikes
to, 221; censures passed by,
upon Rodney's course after
the battle, 220, 222, 224, 225;
detached in pursuit, captures
a small French squadron, 224;
returns to England after the
peace, 226.

Captain, in operations against
New York, 1776, 42; convoys
reinforcement of troops to
West Indies, 100; left in
West Indies in temporary
command, by Rodney, 148.
Howe, Richard, Earl, British Ad-
miral, appointed to command
North American Station, 1776,
30; invested also with powers
as peace commissioner, 39;
arrives at New York, 39;
failure of peace negotiations,
39; operations at and about
New York, 39, 42-47; trib-
ute of, to force under his
command, 47; accompanies
army expedition to Chesa-
peake Bay, 52; operations
in the Delaware, 53-55, and
coastwise, 56; purpose of
d'Estaing to intercept, in
Delaware, 59; serious ex-
posure of, through inadequate
force, 62, 66; extricates him-
self by rapid movements, 62–
64; preparations to defend
entrance to New York, 65-
68; inferiority of force to
d'Estaing, 66; follows French
Fleet to Narragansett Bay,
70, and by his presence there
induces d'Estaing to abandon
siege of Newport, and put
to sea, 73; manœuvres of,
with inferior force, 73-75;
fleet of, scattered by gale, 75;
returns to New York, 76,
and again follows French
Fleet to Boston, 77; admir-
able qualities of, as illustrated
in this campaign, 78; fu-
tile contemporary criticism
of, 79; relinquishes command,
and returns to England, 1778,
81; not employed again, un-
til change of Ministry, 1782,
81, 227; appointed to com-
mand Channel Fleet, 1782,
and primary operations there,
227-229;
of very superior Franco-Span-
ish Fleet, 229; skilful conduct
of relief of Gibraltar by, 1782,
229-231; engagement with

successful evasion

Allied Fleet, 232; special
qualities of, again illustrated,
232; French eulogy of, 232,
and of force under his com-
mand, 233.
Howe, Sir William (brother of Earl),
British General, failure of to
support Burgoyne, 1777, 28,
51, 52; evacuates Boston,
1776, and retires to Halifax,
29, 30; extent of regions under
his command-in-chief, 30; ap-
pointed peace commissioner,
jointly with Lord Howe, 39;
goes from Halifax to New
York, 39; fruitless peace
negotiations, 39; reduction
of New York by, 42-45;
subsequent operations of, to
Battle of Trenton, 45-49;
constitutional sluggishness of,
45, 47; occupies Narragansett
Bay, 48; injudicious exten-
sion of front of operations, 48;
small results after New York,
49; rewarded with the Order
of the Bath, 49; takes the
greater part of his force to
Chesapeake Bay, 52; effect
of this upon Burgoyne's oper-
ations, 52, 53, 55; occupies
Philadelphia, 53; this suc-
cess worse than fruitless, 56;
relieved in command by Clin-
ton, and returns to England,
56, 63.
Hudson River, a link in the chain
of water communications from
Canada to New York, 7, 30,
45; mentioned, 28, 41, 44,
45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53; al-
ternative name, North River,
41; Washington retreats
across, into New Jersey, 45;
British advance up valley of,
1777, 55.
Hughes, Sir Edward, British Ad-
miral, commander-in-chief in
East Indies, 1779, 235; enter-
prise of, 235; engagements
with French Fleet under Suf-
fren, 240, 242, 244, 247, 253;
loses Trincomalee, 247, and
compelled thereby to leave
Coromandel coast for Bombay

251; reinforced by Bicker-
ton, 251; contrasted with
Suffren, as a general officer,
254.
Hughes, Sir Richard, succeeds to
West India command at peace
of 1783, 226; subsequent
controversy with Nelson, 226.
Hyder, Ali, Sultan of Mysore, at

war with British, 1779, 235;
French Admiral d'Orves re-
fuses coöperation with, 235;
Suffren acts with, 240, 242;
captures Cuddalore, 1782,
244; death of, 1782, 252;
succeeded by Tippoo Saib,
252.

miral, captures in Bay of
Biscay great part of French
convoy going to West Indies,
1781, 195, 196; commands
a division in Channel Fleet
under Howe, 1782, 227, 228;
lost in sinking of the Royal
George, 229.
Keppel, Augustus, British Admiral,
refuses to serve against Ameri-
cans, 81; commander-in-chief
of Channel Fleet, 1778, 61,
82;
encounter with French
Brest Fleet, 83-91; com-
ments on the conduct of,
92, 97; controversy with
Palliser, third in command
under, 95; returns to port
with fleet, 96; court martial
upon, 93; and cited from,
87, 88, 95; resigns command,
97; becomes first Lord of the
Admiralty, 97, 225; quoted,
107 (note).

38, 110, 149, 153, 159, 176, La
177, 185, 224, 226; conquest
of, intended by France and
Spain, 1782, 206; attempt
leads to defeat of de Grasse
by Rodney, 208, 209; Rod-
ney repairs to, after his vic-
tory, 225.
Japan, significance of contrast of
population of, to square mile,
with that of the United States,
5.

Johnstone,

George, British Com-
modore, commands squadron
despatched to take Cape of
Good Hope from Dutch, 236;
attacked by Suffren in Porto
Praya Bay, 237; arrives at
Cape too late, Suffren having
strengthened it, 238; returns
to England, 238; profes-
sional capacity of, 239; at-

Motte Picquet, French Com-
modore, 115; action with a
British division off Marti-
nique, 1779, 128; encounter
with squadron under Corn-
wallis, 1780, 153-155; cap-
tures great part of a British
convoy returning from West
Indies, 1781, 188; quoted,
229 (note).
Leeward Islands Station, extent of,
99; under command of Bar-
rington when war begins, 1778,
99; Byron succeeds to com-
mand, 1779, 105; held tem-
porarily by Hyde Parker,
1779, 113; Rodney takes
command, 1780, 121, 128;
Hood in temporary charge
of, 1782, 177, 185, 196-
205; Rodney relieved by
Pigot, 225.

tacks made by, upon profes- Les Saintes, small West India Islands,

sional conduct of Howe and
Keppel, 239. (See also p. 80.)

Jones, John Paul, American naval
captain, serves as a volunteer
in French Fleet, 1782, 212.
Kempenfelt, Richard, British Ad-

between Dominica and Guade-
loupe, scene of Rodney's
battle with de Grasse, 209,
211, 213.

Manners, Lord Robert, British naval
captain (killed in the battle

of April 12, 1782), encomiums
of, upon Hood, quoted, 202,
205.

Martinique,

French West India
Island, 99, 104, 128, 130,
140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149,
153, 167, 206, 207; principal
French depot in West Indies,
100; action off, between de
Grasse and Hood, 162-167.
Mathews, Thomas, British Admiral,
Influence in British Navy of
court martial upon, in 1744,
93, 139.
Minorca, Mediterranean Island in
British possession, Byng's ac-
tion off, 1756, 93, 94; recovery
of, a primary object with
Spain, 120; supplied by Rod-
ney, 1780, 125, 126; by
Darby, 1781, 187; attack
upon by France and Spain,
1781, 188; capitulates, 1782,
189.

Mobile, Farragut's attack in en-
tering, cited in illustration,
66 (note).

Monroe Doctrine, in last analysis

is the formulation, in terms,
of a purpose to prevent the
propagation to the American
continents of wars arising
elsewhere, 4; recognition of
same danger in unchecked
Asiatic immigration, 4; neces-
sity of adequate force in order
to maintain, 29.

Navy,

because of improper disper-
sion of their army, 113, 114,
115; occupied by French
squadron and troops, 1780,
149, 150, 155-157; Rodney
neglects to attack, 150;
French division in, watched
by British from Gardiner's
Bay, 151, 170; but starts,
1781, for Chesapeake Bay,
170; returns to, unsuccess-
ful, 173; sails again from,
177, and joins main fleet in
the Chesapeake, 184.

and Navies, Washington's
remark that to them belonged
"the casting vote" in the
War of American Independ-
ence, 4, 147; exercised on
two decisive occasions, by
Arnold on Lake Champlain,
1776, and by de Grasse at
Yorktown, 1781, 4, 7, 9, 168,
176, 178, 179, 184; decisive
influence also in American
War of Secession, 4; present
and future dependence upon,
of Monroe Doctrine and of
question of Asiatic Immigra-
tion, 4, 5; military explana-
tion for this "casting vote,"
5; Pacific question essen-
tially one of, 5; military rea-
sons for general dominant
effect of, in War of Independ-
ence, 6, 114; British, saves
Canada for Great Britain, 12;
specific effect, on ultimate
result of the general war,
exerted by American, on
Lake Champlain, 1776, 12,
13, 14, 25; inadequacy of
British, to demands upon it, 29,
30, 59, 62, 79, 82, 99, 116, 117,
120, 127, 148, 189, 193, 226;
British, in operations at
New York, 1776, 40, 44,
47; in Burgoyne's advance,
1777, 51; misuse of British,
to divide the land forces, 51,
52, 114, 115, 152; subsidiary
operations of British, 56, in
the Carolinas, 151, in Vir-
ginia, 170; under Howe,
though inadequate,

saves

« 이전 계속 »

도서