It is evident, therefore, that the secretary of legation will be prepared for the position at the time of his appointment, and as his promotion depends upon his record in the service, an incentive is supplied for faithfulness and devotion to duty. As the Secretary of State is "directed to report from time to time to the President, along with his recommendations, the names of those secretaries of the higher grades in the diplomatic service who by reason of efficient service have demonstrated special capacity for promotion to be chiefs of mission," a secretary of legation may look to a ministry as his ultimate goal.

The foundations are thus laid for an efficient and permanent diplomatic service and a career is offered to the youth of our country.

INTERNATIONAL CELEBRATIONS

The past eighteen months have been prolific in international celebrations which have served to recall at once the youth of the Republic and the stormy years following the discovery of America until Great Britain established its ascendancy in North America and introduced the English language and established once and for all the type of the nation and its civilization as Saxon.

The various anniversaries have been celebrated by Americans in the larger sense of the word, including the citizens of the United States, subjects of his Britannic Majesty in the Dominion of Canada, and representatives of France who for two centuries maintained the cause of the Latin against the Saxon in the Western Hemisphere. A marked characteristic of the meetings has been the unbroken good humor and uniform cheerfulness notwithstanding the feeling of regret that may have lurked behind the spoken word.

The 300th anniversary of the settlement of Quebec by Champlain in 1608, the 300th anniversary of the discovery by Champlain of the lake which bears his name, the 300th anniversary of the discovery of the noble river which bears the name of Hudson, and the 100th anniversary of Fulton's daring voyage from New York to Albany in the little Clermont which demonstrated the feasibility of the steamboat and opened up the possibilities of ocean navigation, were international events of no mean significance and properly treated as such. It therefore seems proper that a few paragraphs be devoted to each and that the importance of each event be viewed in the light of the present.

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invoking the sword, may grow in strength, and at no distant day become incorporated as a part of the fixed policy of nations?

To advocate measures for the maintenance of international tranquillity, to endeavor to substitute arbitration for war force, is not evidence of any decay in the courage or manhood of modern civilization. There is such a thing as righteousness among nations. Let them take their differences into international courts of justice, and there let reason and righteousness prevail.

We have no need to fear that the relations between the United States and Great Britain ever again will be disturbed.

Mr. Fairbanks' tribute on the battlefield to the peaceful settlement of international disputes was as appropriate as is the monument to learning and science, equally opposed to war, which, in the form of Columbia University of the City of New York, graces the battlefield of Harlem Heights.

Three-hundredth Anniversary of the Discovery of Lake Champlain The discovery of Lake Champlain opened up a highway from Canada to the heart of the English Colonies, and if France had been able to control the line of communication through Lake Champlain and Lake George to the Hudson, English influence might have been confined to New England, if not crushed, and the west delivered to France, just as surely as the success of Burgoyne's expedition would have divided New England from New York and might have stamped the American Revolution as a mere rebellion. If the surrender of Quebec marked the downfall of French influence and ambitions, the failure to acquire and hold the region between Lake Champlain and the Hudson rendered the downfall possible if not a mere question of time. The control of this battlefield, for such it is, by Great Britain in Colonial times and its possession by the Colonies in the struggle with Great Britain, determined not merely that North America should be English in language and institutions, but that the united Colonies should be a free and independent nation.

It was manifestly appropriate that the celebration should be graced by the President of the United States, and that France and Great Britain should be represented. It was also eminently appropriate that the Honorable Elihu Root, formerly Secretary of State and now senator from New York, should entitle his address on this occasion "The Iroquois and the Struggle for America." From Mr. Root's masterly address on this occasion, so in keeping with the magnitude of the events

celebrated and so just in its appreciation of the results achieved, the following paragraphs are quoted:

Of all the peoples of Europe, only the French and the English possessed the power, the energy, the adventurous courage, the opportunity and the occasion, for expansion across the Atlantic. The field and the prize were for them, and

for them alone.

For centuries the struggle between civil and religious absolutism on the one hand and individual liberty on the other were waged alike in France and in England. The attempt to colonize America came from one side of the controversy in France and from the other side of the same controversy in England. The virtues of the two systems were to be tried out and the irrepressible conflict between them was to be continued, in the wilderness.

Fortunately for England, between the two parties all along the controlling strategic line from this Lake Champlain to the gateway of the West at Fort Duquesne, stretched the barrier of the Long House and it tributary nations. They were always ready, always organized, always watchful. They continually threatened and frequently broke the great French military line of communication. Along the whole line they kept the French continually in jeopardy. Before the barrier the French built forts and trained soldiers - behind it the English cleared the forests and built homes and cultivated fields and grew to a great multitude, strong in individual freedom and in the practice of self-government. Again and again the French hurled their forces against the Long House, but always with little practical advantage.

So, to and fro the war parties went, harrying and burning and killing, but always the barrier stood, and always with its aid the English colonies labored and fought and grew strong. When the final struggle came between the armies of France and England, the French had the genius of Montcalm and soldiers as brave as ever drew sword; but behind Wolfe and his stout English hearts was a new people, rich in supplies, trained in warfare, and ready to fight for their homes. South Carolina, the records show, furnished twelve hundred and fifty men for the war; Virginia, two thousand; Pennsylvania, two thousand seven hundred; New Jersey, one thousand; New York, two thousand six hundred and eighty; New Hampshire and Rhode Island, one thousand; Connecticut, five thousand; Massachusetts, seven thousand. It was not merely the army - it was that a nation had arrived, too great in numbers, in extent of territory, in strength of independent, individual character, to be overwhelmed by any power that France could possibly produce. The conclusion was foregone. A battle lost or won at Quebec or elsewhere could but hasten or retard the result a little. The result was sure to come as it did come.

In all this interesting and romantic story may be seen two great proximate causes of the French failure and the English success; two reasons why from Quebec to the Pacific we speak English, follow the course of the common law,

and estimate and maintain our rights according to the principles of English freedom.

One of these was the great inferiority of the Indian allies of the French, and the great superiority of the Indian allies of the English; the effective and enduring organization, the warlike power, of the Iroquois, and their fidelity to the covenant chain" which bound them to our fathers. The other cause lies deeper: It is that peoples, not monarchs, settlers, not soldiers, build empires that the spirit of absolutism in a royal court is a less vital principle than the spirit of liberty in a nation.

The Hudson-Fulton Celebration.

With the settlement of Quebec in 1608, the discovery of Lake Champlain in 1609, and the entry of the Half Moon into the beautiful harbor of New York in the same year, the Hudson Celebration is naturally and inextricably connected, and the voyage of the Clermont, with its influence upon the industry and the commerce of the world, indicates, it is to be hoped, an appreciation of the rôle which industry and commerce play in the world's history and that the struggles of the future are to be economic not physical, for industry and commerce presuppose for their normal development peace, and in the trail of peace, prosperity and content follow.

France and England were not the sole contestants for North America. Spain established herself in Florida in 1564; Sweden sought an outlet for its people in Delaware; Holland established itself in New Amsterdam and New Jersey and took by force of arms Delaware from the Swedes. Thus the Gulf of Mexico was controlled by the Spaniard, the English Colonies of the Atlantic seaboard were hemmed in between the Spaniard and the Dutch, and New England was separated by New Netherlands. Settlement, commercial prosperity and the sword declared in favor of the English, who, on the eve of the final struggle, possessed the Atlantic seaboard between Florida and Canada, and at the outbreak of the French and Indian War France and Great Britain alone contended for the mastery of a continent. The ifs of history are attractive. and we may well speculate upon the future of America if the nations of Europe had maintained and developed their colonies within the present boundaries of the United States. They did not, for reasons too familiar to be chronicled, although at one time it seemed not improbable, at least possible, that they might.

The discovery of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson, an English navigator in the service of the Dutch, raised the hopes of Holland. The