War. No longer Earl of March, but Duke of York: I come to pierce it, or to give thee mine. 195 200 Edw. Then strike up, drums! God and Saint George for us! Enter a Messenger. War. How now! what news? Mess. The Duke of Norfolk sends you word by me, ... ... 205 201-204. 192-200. No longer. . . throne; For ... throws not . . . the fault renown, But task] 160-168. No longer. king: And. casts not the offence renowne, But forward to effect these resolutions Q. Then. for us] omitted Q. 205-209. Enter . . . War. How ... news? counsel. War. Why warriors, let's away] 169-172. puissant power councell. War. Why. Exeunt Omnes Q. ... Mess. The ,, 193, 196. throne . . . throws] Capell reads "king. ... casts here from Q. 196. throws not up his cap for joy] From Grafton's Continuation of Hardyng, 512 (1543): "One Nashfeelde, and other belongyng to the protectoure, with some prentices and laddes . . began .. to crye Kyng Richarde, Kyng Rychard,' and there threwe up their cappes in token of ioye." 199. Stay we] See Introduction to Part I. on this form; and note at "Embrace we" in that play, II. i. 13. "Stay we no longer prating here a line in Peele's Jack Straw (Hazlitt's Dodsley, v. 383). The following line in Q contains "resolutions.' Shakespeare never uses this plural. It is noticeable how scene-endings often fail in these plays, or have a different ring. Signs of Peele appear here. 200. about our task] I have no good parallel in Shakespeare for this expression, without a verb, and with an object after the almost verbal "about." "Set" or "go" is omitted. "Ile about ... it straight occurs in Soliman and pierce it] See 201. as hard as steel] Compare Peele's Old Wives Tale (453, a): Dig, brother dig, for she is hard as steel." And in Marlowe's Tamburlaine, Part II. 1. iii. (46, b): "As black as jet and hard as iron or steel." 202. flinty] See above, 1. iv. 142. Used earlier in Latimer, New Eng. Dict., and for the word see Part I. II. i. 27. Often in Shakespeare both literally and as a metaphor. 204. God and Saint George] See 1 Henry VI. IV. ii. 55; and below in this play, Iv. ii. 29. So Hall (p. 250 rept.): "in the name of God and Saint George I will fight . . .” 207. The Queen is coming] The "march amain" on London is set aside by this news. That it was And craves your company for speedy counsel. War. Why then it sorts; brave warriors, let's away. SCENE II.-Before York. [Exeunt. Flourish. Enter King HENRY, Queen MARGARET, the PRINCE OF WALES, CLIFFORD, and NORTHUMBERLAND, with drum and trumpets. Q. Mar. Welcome, my lord, to this brave town of York. That sought to be encompass'd with your crown: K. Hen. Ay, as the rocks cheer them that fear their wreck: 5 Withhold revenge, dear God! 'tis not my fault, Clif. My gracious liege, this too much lenity Enter . . .] Enter the King, the Queene, Clifford, Northum.. . . and Yong Prince, with Drumm and Trumpettes F 1; Enter the King and Queene, Prince Edward, and the Northerne Earles, with drum and Souldiers Q. I-4. Welcome . . . arch-enemy . . . encompass'd... cheer your heart, my lord ?] 1-4. Welcome. ambitious enemie . . . impaled. please your eie my lord? Q. cheer .. wreck: To see soul. Withhold . . . vow] 5-7. wracke. Withhold . vow Q. 9-20. My gracious liege. .. forest bear ... her young ... her face. Who 'scapes .. in 209. it sorts] it is fitting, it fits. See Troilus and Cressida, 1. i. 109. SCENE 11. 5-8. Ay, as Euen as their den ... ... 1. Welcome York] "While these things were in doyng in the South part, King Henry beyng in the North country, thinking because he had slayn the duke of Yorke... that he had brought all thyng to purpose ... assembled a great army. . . . But he was sore deceiued: for out of the dead stocke sprang. Kyng Edward the iiij " (Hall, 252). historically correct, see Hall (253): "The erles of Marche and Warwycke, hauing perfite knowledge that the kyng and quene with their adherentes were departed from Saint Albons, determined first to ryde to London as the chefe Key, and common spectacle to the whole Realme, thinking there to assure them selfs of the East and West parte of the kingdome [Norfolk and Wales], as King Henry and his faction nesteled and strengthened him and his alies in the North regions and boreal plage meaning to haue buckelar against a sword, and a 3. impaled with . . . crown] in Q southerne byl to counteruayle a is altered here. It occurs below, III. Northern bassard" ["bastard," Graf- ii. 171 and III. iii. 189. And in Qat ton]. From this point, history goes last reference. wholly astray in the dramatic sequence. Mr. Boswell Stone eases the position by "We may suppose." a 207. puissant host] "By reason whereof he [King Edward the iiij] assembled together a puissant army' (Hall, p. 252). And on p. 251. 9. liege] Note the change from the wearisome "lord," so often repeated. The same has occurred in Part II.(III. i.). 9. lenity] Compare Grafton's Continuation of Hardyng (p. 571), 1543: "yf he should remitte that faulte other would abuse his lenitee and trespace And harmful pity must be laid aside. safeguard... brows] 8-19. My gratious lord . . . his den ... his young ... ... ΙΟ 15 20 sauage Beare browes Q. 21-32. He, but a duke. yield consent. . . unloving . . . with those . . . ... more highly." An earlier use than 41. Compare for the sentiment the any quoted. swan and her downy cygnets, v. iii. 56 in Part I. 13. forest bear] untamed; more than usually savage and wild bear. Compare "mountain lioness," Titus Andronicus, IV. ii. 138. And see below, V. vii. 10-12: "two brave bears. That made the forest tremble." Marlowe speaks of "The forest deer" in Edward II. (212, b). 15. Who lurking serpent's mortal sting] Compare Lucrece, 362364:"Who sees the lurking serpent steps aside; But she 66 Lies at the mercy of his mortal sting." Spenser has an Adder lurking in the weeds" (Faerie Queene, II. v. 34). 17. The smallest worm will turn being trodden on]" Tread a worme on the tayle and it must turne agayn " (Heywood (ed. Sharman), p. 111, 1546). It is in A. Munday's English Romayne Life, 1590 (Harl. Miscell. ii. 200). The whole passage might have been suggested by this one in Hall (270), spoken by Warwick: "what worme is touched, and will not once turne againe? what beast is striken that will not rore sound? What innocent child is hurte that will not crye? If the poore and unreasonable beasts: If the sely babes," etc. 18. doves will peck] See above, 1. iv. 18. in safeguard of] Compare Richard III. v. iii. 259: "in safeguard of your wives." And see Measure for Measure, v. i. 424 (in this edition, note). Golding has by like in you Sir snudge, Consistes the savegard of us all" (iii. 821, 822). 19. level at thy crown] Compare "level at my life," 2 Henry VI. m. i. 160. It is said there of "dogged York" (not in the First Contention). 20. knit his angry brows] “knit his brows" occurs again in 2 Henry VI. 1. ii. 3 and III. i. 15; and see below, III. ii. 82; and Lucrece, "knit brow," 709. One of the many expressions in these plays showing continuity and identity of authorship between them and known work of Shakespeare's. In Q. Note always too the identity of all these important and thoroughly Shakespearian speeches with those in Q. And the utter futility of distinguishing writers. New English Dictionary gives the expression from Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1386, and Caxton, Sonnes of Aymon, 1489, with Shakespeare next. But Shakespeare read the following: "The protectoure .. came in agayn with a sowre angry countenaunce, knittynge the browes, frownynge, and frettyng, and gnawynge on his lyppes (Grafton's Continuation of Hardyng, p. 493, 1543). Thou, being a king, bless'd with a goodly son, And though man's face be fearful to their eyes, 25 30 35 Ah, what a shame were this! Look on the boy; Successful fortune, steel thy melting heart 40 To hold thine own and leave thine own with him. K. Hen. Full well hath Clifford play'd the orator, But, Clifford, tell me, didst thou never hear 45 giue used with fearful . . . climb'd . . . defence ?] 20-31. He but a Duke . consent. unnaturall. with those same wings Which they haue sometime vsde in fearefull . . . climes . . . defence? Q. 33-42. For shame, my liege precedent. birthright by away? Ah, ... this! Look tune, steel... heart To hold . . . with him] 32-41. For shame, my Lord president. birth right through Steele ... ... awaie? Looke . . for fortune to vs all, 43-48. Full well ... But, hell?] 42-47. Full well... with him Q. But tell me, didst thou neuer yet heare tell, That things euill ... euer was 33. precedent]" president" in Ff and Q, the common spelling of the time. 41. steel thy heart] This expression is in Henry V. IV. i. 306, and Venus and Adonis, 375, 376. And "steel thy fearful thoughts occurs in 2 Henry VI. III. i. 331. See also Sonnet 112, and Richard II. v. ii. 34. Note the improved metre from Quarto in 39-42, by insertion of "Ah what a shame were this." But it is more likely these are dropped words of a printer from a bad manuscript. 43. play'd the orator] See note 1 Henry VI. IV. i. 175; and above in this play, 1. ii. 2 (and notes). Another continuity-phrase. 44. Inferring] alleging, adducing. See below, III. i. 49, "Inferreth arguments." Elsewhere several times in Richard III. only. An uncommon use outside Shakespeare. Greene often uses "infer ""infer comparison" is in Mamillia twice (draw comparisons). 46. things ill got. . . ] An old saw. Compare Spenser's Mother Hubberds Tale (Globe ed. 523, b): "Ill might it prosper that ill gotten was." Heywood has (1546): "Soone gotten, soone spent, ill gotten, ill spent " (Sharman's And happy always was it for that son 50 As brings a thousand-fold more care to keep Ah, cousin York, would thy best friends did know Q. Mar. My lord, cheer up your spirits: our foes are nigh, K. Hen. Edward Plantagenet, arise a knight; And learn this lesson, draw thy sword in right. 55 бо 65 49-53. I'll leave . . . thousand-fold more ... Than.. pleasure] 48-52. I leaue. askes a thousand times more. Then maie the present profit counteruaile Q. 54, 55. Ah, . . . is here !] 53, 54. Ah . stands there Q. 56-60. My lord. kneel down] 55-58. My lord, this harmefull pittie makes your followers faint. You promisde knighthood to your princelie sonne, Vnsheath your sword and straight doe dub him knight. Kneele downe Edward Q. 61-66. Edward. . . lesson, draw... Clif. Why ... prince] 59-64. Edward ... lesson boy, draw. . . Northum. Why prince Q. ed. p. 131). And in Grafton's Continuation of Hardyng, 518: "the thynge euell gotten is neuer well kepte." Halliwell gives Latin parallels from Erasmus and Juvenal. 47, 48. happy ... was... that son Whose father... to hell] An old adage, but "for his hoarding is Shakespeare's insertion, and the application is his own. The original is in Latimer's Seven Sermons (Arber, p. 97), 1549: "Happy is the chylde whose father goeth to the Deuyll." It is also in T. Lupton's All for Money (Halliwell rept. p. 156), 1578. It is in Harington's Epigrams, Ray's Proverbs, etc. Halliwell and Staunton have wrongly made this an evidence of Greene's work. Greene never came where this work grew. Greene has a very silly comment on it in The Royall Exchange (Grosart, vii. 235), quoted by Halliwell. Tom Brown (Works, ed. ... 1708, iii. 74) refers to a song of the proverb, about a fop newly come to his estate. 57. soft courage] replaces "harmful pity" of Quarto; a better phrase, but it has been used above at line 10. 57. faint] See above, 1. i. 129. 59. dub him presently] This occurred after Mortimer's Cross and the second battle of Saint Albans which followed close, and is thus told in sequence from Hall, quoted at II. i. III: "When quene Margaret had thus well sped, first she caused the kyng to dubbe prince Edward his sonne, knyght, with xxx. other persons, which in the morning fought on the queene's side, against his parte " (p. 252). 66. toward] willing, courageous. See Soliman and Perseda (Boas' Kyd), 1. iv. 35, 36: "Tis wondrous that so yong a toward warriour Should bide the shock of such approved knights." And |