to the past form for the past tense-when this can readily coalesce with the root or past form respectively; when it cannot, est is added. (18) Examples: 2d person, indefinite tense, Thou callEST, Thou MOVEST, &c.; 2d person, past tense, "Thou calledsr us not when thou wentEST" (Judges 8: 1). (19) Remark: These second persons singular, of both tenses, are now rarely used, except in the solemn style (§ 30).

(20) The third person singular of the indefinite tense is formed in two ways: 1st, by adding the sound represented by eth to the root—in the written language, by adding the letters eth to the root, or th only when the root ends in e, mute; 2d, by adding an 8 or z sound to the root-in the written language, by adding the letter s. (21) Examples: He callETH, or He calls; He moveтH, or He moves. (22) The form in eth is rarely used at present, except in the solemn style; but it was very generally employed by many of the best writers (especially by Scottish writers) of the last century. (23) Remark: The form in s being made in the same way as the plural form of nouns, is subject to many of the same rules of formation. (24) For example; when the root of the verb ends in an 8 sound, we add es, sounded ez; as, I miss, He misses; She blushes; He marches, &c. When the verb ends in o we add es; as, He goes, He does, &c. And, when the verb ends in y, preceded by a consonant, in the written language, we change the y into i and add es; as, He cries, from cry; It flies, 3d person of the verb to fly. (25) Whether an s or a z sound is to be added to a verb to form the third person, is determined by the same principles referred to in treating of the formation of the plural of nouns. (See § 41 and § 42.)

The following are exceptions to the rules now given for the formation of the 2d and 3d persons singular of verbs. (26) The verb have has for its 2d and 3d persons the forms hast and harн or has, evidently contractions for havesт and haveтH or haves. (27)

(17) How is the second person of both the indefinite and past tense formed? (13) Give examples. (19) Repeat the remark.

(20) How is the third person singular of the indefinite tense formed?

(21) Give examples. (22) Repeat the observation in reference to the form in eth. (23) Repeat the remark in reference to the form in 8. (24) Illustrate this remark by examples of verbs ending 1st in an 8 sound; 2d in o, and 3d in y, preceded by a consonant. (25) Repeat what is said about determining whether an 8, or a z sound shall be added to form the 3d person. (26) What is said of the 2d and 3d persons singular of the verb have? (27)

Will (used as an auxiliary to indicate futurity) and shall form the second person singular by adding the sound of t instead of st to the root. In writing them we drop one ; as, Thou shalt go, Thou wilr go. (28) Will (auxiliary), shall, may, can, must, and (generally) dare (to have courage, and followed by the infinitive or verbal), take no addition to the root in the third person singular; as, He WILL come; He SHALL, MAY, CAN, MUST, DARE 9o.*

We have now, we believe, noticed all the changes of form which English verbs, in the present state of the language (and for some centuries backward) exhibit. We except a few forms of the verb to be, omitted because they can be best learned from the table below, in which all the variations of this verb-or rather the fragments of several verbs, employed to assert being-are presented.

The essential part of the formation of the persons (all that cannot be learnt from the tables of the tenses to be presently given) may be summed up briefly as follows:

(29) The second persons singular of both tenses are formed by adding st or est to the root and to the past tense form respectively; and the third person singular of the indefinite tense is formed by adding an s to the root. In the other persons of the indefinite tense the unmodified root is employed; and, in the other persons of the past tense, the past tense form, without further modification, is employed.

(30) Remark: The formation of the third person singular of the

* When will is used in its original sense, to express determination, resolution, purpose of mind, or volition, sometimes the second, and generally the third, person is regularly formed. Examples of the second person of will thus used and regularly formed are rare. Lowth has produced two from one of Atterbury's sermons. (Intr. to Eng. Gram. p. 70. Lond. 1788.) Examples of wilt, used in the original sense of will, are found in the New Testament. Examples of the third person regularly formed are easily found. "It is not of him that willETH." (Rom. 9: 16.) "Because he can walk if he wills." (Locke, as cited by Webster. Dict. sub voce.) Dare to challenge, followed by a noun, we believe, always takes the regular termination of the third person; as, He dares the enemy to fight= he challenges the enemy.

=

What of the 2d persons of the verbs will and shall? (28) What of the 3d persons of will, (auxiliary,) shall, may, can, must, and dare?

(29) Repeat the summary account of the formation of the persons. (30) Repeat the re mark.

indefinite tense merits the chief attention. The second persons singular of either tense come rarely into use.

53. (1) We may here notice the formation of the two verba, adjectives, commonly called participles, which, we shall presently find, are employed in forming some of the compound tenses. (2) One of these verbals ends in ing. In the usage of the language at the present day (and for several centuries past), it always corresponds exactly in form with the verbal substantive in ing, already considered. (See § 27.) (3) It is formed by adding ing to the root of the verb; as, from call is formed callING. (4) When the verb, in the written language, ends in e mute, the e is rejected; as, for example, from move, rejecting e, is formed movING. (5) When an i precedes the e mute, the i is changed into y, the e rejected, and ing added; as, for example, die, dyING; lie, lyING.*

(6) This form is most commonly called the present-but by some more properly the IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. (7) It expresses the action of the verb in an imperfect, unfinished, or progressive condition, not assertively, like the verb properly so called, but attributively; that is, in the form suited to be employed as an attribute of a noun, or as the complement of a predicate. (8) By the fact that it always performs attributive functions, it is readily distinguished from the verbal noun in ING, which is always employed to perform some function of a substantive.

* When a word of one syllable, or a word of more than one syllable accented on the last syllable, ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, we double the final consonant in forming the imperfect participle; as, get, getting; stop, stopping; beset, besetting; compel, compelling; &c. The object of so writing this, and other formations from words ending in this manner, is to indicate that the short sound of the last syllable of the root is to be retained in the word when the inflexion is added. If we wrote stoping it might appear that we intended the o to be sounded long, as in no, instead of short, as in not. This, as well as the remark about verbs ending in e mute, applies only to the written, not to the spoken language. As regards the spoken language, the sound of ing is added to every verb root (without exception) to form the imperfect participle.

§ 53. (1) What is said of verbal adjectives, or participles? (2) What is said of the form of the first of these verbal adjectives? (3) How is this verbal formed? (4) How formed when the verb ends in e mute? (5) How when an i precedes the e mute?

(6) What is this form called? (7) In what condition and in what manner does it express the action of the verb? (8) How may it be distinguished from the verbal noun?

(9) The second verbal adjective, or participue in verbs of the modern conjugation corresponds in form with the past tense-that is, it always ends in ed, except in a few cases of contraction. (See § 51.) (10) For example; call has for its past tense called, and for verbal adjective also called; as "There was a certain man in Caesarez CALLED Cornelius, a centurion of the band CALLED Italian." (11) In the verbs of the ancient conjugation this participle has generally a form peculiar to itself-distinct from the past tense form. (12) In the most remote times it seems to have been formed by adding the termination en sometimes to the root, sometimes to the past tense form. (13) Many of these participles in en still remain in the language, others have gradually become obsolete. (14) As examples of participles in en we may mention broken, eaten, forgotten, laden, risen, written, &c. (15) The form of this participle, as well as the form of the past tense in the verbs of the ancient conjugation, is so various that the learner must in all doubtful cases be referred to the table of this class of verbs at the end of this chapter, in which we shall give the participle as well as the past tense of each verb.

(16) This verbal is appropriately called the perfect participle, as it expresses the action of the verb in a completed or perfect (perfected) condition. Like the other participle it is always employed attributively.*

*Some call this verbal very improperly the past participle; neither this, nor the participle in ING give any direct indication of the time of the action which they express; they simply indicate the condition of the action-the imperfect participle, as unfinished, or progressive, and the perfect participle, as finished, or completed. Hence they are both employed in forming compound tenses past, future, and indefinite as regards time. This proves sufficiently that the names present and past participles do not accurately express the significance of these forms. The name passive, sometimes given to the perfect participle, is also improper for similar reasons.

(9) What is said of the second verbal adjective? (10) Give example. (11) What is said of the form of this participle in verbs of the ancient conjugation? (12) How does it seem to have been formed in the most remote times? (13) Do forms ending in en still remain in the language? (14) Give examples. (15) Repeat the remark about the way * Ascertaining the form of these participles in verbs of the ancient conjugation.

(16) What name is given to this participle, and how is it employed?

Fillmore Webber.

§ 54. OF MODES.—(1) Of the modifications which we have considered, the tenses have reference to the predicate--to the action expressed by the verb. (2) For example, in the proposition, the boy called his father, calling his father at a past time is asserted of the boy. The predicate calling, asserted without modification in the indefinite tense, is asserted in the past tense with a modification indicating that the action of calling is past. (3) The modifications indicative of person and number have reference to the subject of the verb.

(4) There is still another modification which has reference to the manner of predication, and the purpose for which a proposition is used. (5) The modification to which we refer is called mode, that is, the manner or way in which what the verb indicates is said.

(6) Mode, correctly speaking, is a property of propositions. At least it is in the different purposes for which propositions are employed, that we can best and most readily trace the nature of modes.

(7) Hitherto our attention has been directed exclusively to one species of propositions-those employed to assert or declare directly what is predicated as matter of fact of the subject. (8) These may (to distinguish them) be called declarative or indicative propositions; and if we had a form of the verb used exclusively, or chiefly to express propositions of this kind, it might be called the declarative or indicative mode. (9) In some languages a particular form of the verb is employed chiefly for the purpose of expressing assertions as matter of fact, and this form is in such languages distinguished by the name of the indicative or declarative mode.

(10) Again, a proposition may be employed, not for the purpose of directly declaring the assertion as matter of fact, but for the

54. (1) To what have tense modifications reference? (2) Illustrate by an example. (3) To what have the modifications indicative of number and person reference?

(4) Describe another species of modification. (5) What is this modification called, and what does the name signify? (6) What is mode properly speaking, and where can its nature be most readily traced?

(7) To what species of propositions has our attention been hitherto directed? (8) What may these be called, and what the form of verbs used chiefly to express them? (9) Is there such a form in some languages?

(10) Describe another purpose for which a proposition may be employed. (11) Have