they are exclusively so employed.* (9) We shall now exhibit these tenses as they are commonly arranged; but we present in the table § 64, what we consider a more correct arrangement founded on the fact that might, could, would and should, are generally equally indefinite, as regards time, with may and can. See § 63. (10) In the common grammars, and in the arrangement below, it is assumed that may and can form present (what we call indefinite) tenses, and might, could, would, and should, past tenses.]

CONDITIONAL (OR POTENTIAL) MODE.

(11) Indefinite Tense."

I, He, We, You, They, may write, or can write.
2d Person Singular, Thou mayst write, or canst write.
(12) Past Tense.

I, &c., might, could, would, or should write.
Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst write.

(13) Perfect Tense.

I, &c., may or can have written.

Thou mayst or canst have written.

(14) Past Perfect.

I, &c., might, could, would, or should have written.
Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst have written.

*It is not by a form of the verb that we indicate, in our language, that an assertion is made conditionally, but by means of conjunctive words; as, if, lest, unless, though, &c. We sometimes suppress the conditional conjunctive word, especially with the words had and were, whether used as principal verbs or auxiliaries, and indicate the suppression or the conditional nature of the assertion by a transposition of the subject and verb. For example, Had I a horse, for If I had a horse. Were I as rich as that man, for If I were as rich, &c. Should he arrive in time, for If he should arrive, &c. Still were (used with a singular subject) may with propriety be called conditional, as it is exclusively used in expressing conditions; and the forms under consideration made with may, can, might, &c. may also be called conditional, because they most frequently express either a condition or an assertion which depends on a condition.

We use both if I were (or were I) and if I should be, conditionally, or

(9) How are these compound tenses here arranged? What is said of the arrangement in table § 64? (10) What is assumed in the common grammars and in the arrangement here given?] (11) Repeat all the persons in each number of Imay write. Of I can write. (12) Repeat in the same manner, might write, could write, &c. (13) In the same manner may have written, and can have written. (14) In the same manner might have written, &c.

(15) The second person singular is seldom used. The form used with all the other persons is invariably the same. (16) MUST may be united in the conjugation with CAN and May, if the teacher pleases. The young learner ought to inflect each form separately; thus, I may write, Thou mayst write, &c. I can write, Thou canst write, &c.

EXERCISES ON THE CONDITIONAL OR POTENTIAL MODE. EXERCISES I., II., &c.—Write propositions similar to the preceding, with the verbs in the different tenses of the conditional mode.

§ 62. COMPOUND FORMS MADE WITH THE VERB TO BE.-(1) The verb to be has the same compound tenses as other verbs, except that it does not admit of the forms compounded with the verb Do; neither the emphatic, the interrogative, nor the negative form. It has besides the simple tenses already exhibited, the perfect tense, I have been; the past perfect, I had been; the future, I shall or will be; the future perfect, I shall have been; the conditional tenses I may or can be, I may or can have been; and the hypothetical tenses, I might, could, would, or should be, I might, &c., have been. It is not necessary to exhibit all these tenses at full length, as they will be sufficiently exhibited in the conjugation of the two compound forms, made by uniting the various tenses of this verb with the imperfect and the perfect participles. If it is thought necessary to go through the whole conjugation of the verb to be separately, it can be learnt from these compound conjugations, by omitting the participles.

THE PROGRESSIVE FORM OF THE VERB.-(2) By combining the imperfect or progressive participle with the tenses of the verb TO BE, we constitute what may be called the progressive form of the several verbs. (3) This form combines the significance of the several tenses of the verb TO BE with the action of the verb (whose participle is united with them) in its incomplete or progressive condition. (4) In

rather hypothetically, but with this difference, that were implies strongly that the condition does not exist, should be implies contingency. The last is little different from the future with shall. It may be regarded as a kind of

(15) Repeat the remark in reference to the 2d person singular. The remark in reference to the other persons. (16) Repeat the remark in reference to must. And in reference to the mode of inflecting these forms.

§ 62. (1) Repeat the substance of what is said about the compound tenses of the verb to be?

(2) Describe the progressive forms of the verb. (3) What is said of the significance of these forms? (4) What does this form in fact amount to?

fact it amounts to nothing more or less, than the completing of the verb TO BE by the imperfect or progressive participle (or perhaps rather by the verbal noun, sec below, § 64), precisely as it is completed by any other adjective.

We exhibit the passive form of the verb, together with the progressive form, since they differ only as to the participle employed in combination with the several tenses of the verb to be. In the passive form we employ the perfect participle. For remarks on the purposes which the passive form serves, see § 47.

We have arranged the following table so as to exhibit at once the conjugation of the verb to be, so far as is necessary to enable the learner to repeat the whole. We stop in each tense when we come to that point beyond which there occurs no further variation of the form. The learner will supply what is omitted by repeating the proper subject for each person, with the form last presented to the end of the tense. The conjugation of the verb to be should first be repeated by itself, and afterwards with each of the participles separately through all the tenses; thus making three distinct conjugations to be prepared and recited separately.

VERB TO BE, AND PROGRESSIVE AND PASSIVE FORMS OF TO CALL.

softened future, a future with a doubt implied. "I will deliver your message,

if I SHOULD ARRIVE in time, expresses, perhaps, more uncertainty of my arriva. than if I shall, &c.

Sing. 1. I might, could, would, or should be Calling,

2. Thou mightst, couldst, &c.,

3. He might, could, &c.,

Plur. 1. We might, &c.

Called

We add the verbals formed by the combination of the verbals of TO BE with the perfect participles of other verbs.

REMARK.—What we have called the passive form is generally called the passive voice of verbs.

We have given above and in the conjugation of the perfect tenses the compound infinitives and the compound participles. We may here add that the verbal in ing is also often compounded in the same way, and for the same reason as the verbs and participles, viz., because of the nature of the conception which all three in common express. As the auxiliary is the real verb in compound tenses, so in infinitives, participles and verbals in ing the first auxiliary is that which gives the grammatical name to the compound. It is that which serves as the basis of the expression, the participles or infinitives added are really modifications. We give examples of compound verbals in ing. BEING.excessively PRAISED is injurious, especially to the young. Here the compound verbal being praised, is the subject noun. HAVING PRACTISED obedience, is an excellent preparation for exercising authority over others. Here having practised is subject noun, modified by obedience-objective modification. (See § 76: 32.)

A verbal in ing analogous to the passive compound infinitive, is sometimes employed. The having been educated in that institution, affords a presumption in favor of his scholarship. We may give examples of these compound verbals used in other functions. "Much depends on the rule's being observed, and error will be the consequence of its being neglected.” Most of these forms are clumsy, and therefore avoided by writers of delicate taste.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.—Write a given number of propositions formed with the compound tenses of the verb to be.