more substantives singular, to combine and give them emphasis; as, Time, labor, money, all were lost."

(25) Distributive words are sometimes put in apposition with a plural substantive; as "They went each of them on his way." In the construction of a sentence, the distributive word is sometimes omitted. Of this character are such expressions as the following: "They stood in each other's way-that is, they stood each in the other's way."—(Bullion's Eng. Gram. secs. 671–673.)*

(26) An adjective used substantively (that is, with its noun suppressed), is often employed as an apposition modification of a noun; as, Charles the Bold, Alexander the Great, William the Third. In these phrases, there is (perhaps) a suppression of the name after the adjective, as Charles the Bold, for Charles, the bold Charles; or of the title of the person; Duke, in the first example, Conqueror, in the second, and king of that name in the third. The determinative, or article, we suppose, may, in such cases, be regarded as indicating a suppressed noun. If not, this must be considered a peculiar use of the adjective.]

(27) In written exercises, the noun in apposition, modification, or complement, may be represented by the following contraction: Ap. modn., or Ap. com. In our examples, and in the exercises, we use some of the determinative words, as a, the, this, that, &c., which have not been yet explained. In analysis, the learner may pass over these for the present.

MODEL OF A WRITTEN EXERCISE.-Cicero, the orator, flourished, &c. Cicero, S. N. mod'd by orator, N. Ap. Read thus-Cicero is the subject noun of the proposition, and is modified by orator, a noun in apposition. The noun Cicero, thus modified, is the complete subject.

Let the learner point out, or, in a written exercise, underline, the apposition complements, in the following examples:

* In some cases, where a noun in apposition would seem to be the most natural modification, we employ a noun with the preposition of; as, The City of Rome, The month of June; not, The City Rome, The month June, as in Latin and German. This usage is confined chiefly to names of towns, countries, and months. The French and some other modern languages agree nearly with ours in this matter.

(25) What remark is made in reference to distributive words put in apposition? (26) What is said of an apposition modification formed by an adjective used substan tively? Illustrate by examples.]

(27) By what contractions may the noun in apposition modification or complement be represented in written exercises?

"The gentle Spenser, fancy's pleasing son.'
"Let Newton, pure intelligence, whom God
To mortals lent," &c.

"Raleigh, the scourge of Spain."

"Nor can the muse the gallant Sydney pass,
The plume of war!"

"His friend, the British Cassius, fearless bled."
"Nature! great Parent! whose unceasing hand."
"Scipio, the gentle chief."

"Where art thou Hammond? thou, the darling pride,
The friend, and lover of the tuneful throng!"
"The watery deep, an object strange and new,
Before me rose."

"Emblem of peace, the dove before thee flies."

“A stranger to superior strength,

Man vainly trusts his own."

"Thou Sun, of this great world both eye and soul.”

"Come peace of mind, delightful guest."

EXERCISE I. Let the learner find ten or more examples of nouns placed in apposition. This exercise may be repeated, till this construction becomes familiar.

EXERCISE II., III., &c.—Form a given number of propositions, having subjects modified by a noun in apposition modification.

Let the verbs in these and the following exercises be selected from the list of verbs of the ancient conjugation. When the pupil is once sufficiently familiar with these verbs, and especially with those in which he might be most subject to commit blunders, let him be required to use verbs of the modern conjugation regularly inflected. In one exercise, let it be required that all the verbs shall be in a certain tense simple or compound; in the next, in a different tense, that the learner may become perfectly acquainted with all the forms of the verb. Perseverance in these exercises will secure a thorough knowledge of grammar; serve as an introduction to English composition, which consists of propositions properly arranged to express thought⚫ and call the pupil's powers of invention into full action.

(28) The learner must be careful not to confound this apposition complement with the peculiar species of complement of the predicate which we are soon to consider. (29) For this purpose, let him remember, first, that the word in apposition is always employed to

(28) What warning is given to the learner? (29) What two facts is he enjoined to re

modify a noun (including the few instances in which a proposition considered substantively is thus modified), never a verb. Second, that the modified noun, and the noun in apposition, are always in the same member; that is, both in the subject, or both in the predicate of the proposition. (30) In such examples as "John fell a victim to his ungovernable passions," "Hortensius died a martyr," the construction is entirely different from that which we have been considering. (31) The words victim and martyr are not in apposition with John and Hortensius, but manifestly make up a part of what is asserted of them respectively. (32) What is asserted of John, is falling a victim to his passions, and of Hortensius, dying a martyr—a very different construction (conveying a different meaning) from Hortensius, the martyr, died. (33) In the following passage, we have an example of each of these distinct species of construction: “ "My wife, sweet soother of my cares, fell ******* a victim to despair." Here soother, with its modifications, is placed in apposition with wife, the subject noun, but victim is a complement of the predicate-a part of what is asserted of his wife, the sweet soother of his cares.

MODEL ANALYSIS-NOUN IN APPOSITION.-EXAMPLE: John, the carpenter, fell, &c. John is modified by the noun cARPENTER placed in apposition. Till the learner thoroughly understands this construction, the question should be put, whenever a noun in apposition occurs, What do you mean by a noun in apposition? The answer to this is, It is a noun expressing an attribute or an appellation (some other name) placed by another noun, generally, in order to denote more definitely the object represented by the principal noun, sometimes, merely for the purpose of ornament or emphasis.

(34) A noun in apposition, when it follows the principal noun, is separated from it, and from the rest of the proposition, by commas. (See Appendix on Punctuation.)

§ 70. (1) We may here notice another way in which a noun without any change of form, or connecting word expressed, is employed to modify another noun. (2) It consists in attaching a modifying noun to a principal noun (as we do an adjective, see § 86) to limit or describe it. (3) We have examples in such combinations as,

member? (30) Give examples of a construction sometimes confounded with apposition. (31) What is said in reference to the words victim and martyr in these examples? (32) What is asserted of John and Hortensius respectively in the examples? (33) Give an example containing both forms of construction, point out these separate forms, and tell how they are distinguished. (34) What is said of the punctuation or interpunction?

§ 70. (1) Is the noun unchanged and without a connecting word employed in any other way, save apposition, to modify other nouns? (2) How? (3) Give examples. (4) What

window shutters, a wine cellar, a gold watch, a gold pencil case, &c. (4) Here the words window, wine, gold, gold pencil, perform a function similar to that of descriptive adjectives. (5) Indeed the word gold, used as in the examples above, is commonly recognised as an adjective, as well as golden, which is formed from it, and always employed attributively. (6) But for considering the word gold an adjective, we see no more reason than for considering the words window, wine, &c., as employed above, adjectives. (7) They all alike perform, as here used, the function of attributives or adjectives.

(8) We shall call this THE MODIFICATION BY A NOUN ADJECTIVELY

EMPLOYED.

[(9) This species of construction is very prevalent in our language, and has given origin to a large class of our compound words. (10) We might enumerate some dozens of these compounds, formed from the single noun horse, used adjectively before other words; as, horseback, horsebean, horseblock, horseboat, horseboy, horsebreaker, &c., &c. (11) Some of these compounds are written as one word, some with a hyphen-mark (-) between the component parts; sometimes the two words are written separately. (12) The usage in regard to the manner of writing many words thus formed is not perfectly settled; some writing them with, and some without a hyphen, and some writing words as separate, which others unite by the hyphen. (13) It is plain that all such compounds must have originated from what we have called the adjective use of the noun; and this adjective use has itself, we suppose, generally originated from an elliptical mode of expressing various complements formed by the noun. (14) For example, horseboat is equal to boat for horses, that is, to carry horses, or a boat moved by horses; for this compound word has these two distinct meanings. Horse breaker —one who breaks horses, Horse being here originally objective complement to the verbal word breaker. Horse-courser, horse-keeper, horse-stealer are all similar to horse-breaker. Horse-hair, horse-flesh, &c. horse's hair, horse's flesh, or the hair of a horse, &c.

kind of function do the words window, wine, &c., perform in these examples? (5) What is said of the word gold? (6) What further remark about gold as an adjective? (7) What remark in reference to all these words?

(8) What name is given to this species of modification?

[(9) Repeat the remark in reference to this species of construction. (10) What is said of the number of compound words thus formed? (11) What is said of the spelling of these sompounds? (12) Repeat remark in reference to the usage in this matter. (13) What is Baid in reference to the origin of these compounds? (14) Illustrate by examples. (15) Re

(15) When the two nouns have completely coalesced into a single word, it will be unnecessary in practical analysis to have recourse to our mode of naming the modifying noun. The compound may be treated as a single noun. (16) We have noticed this species of modification that the learner may be able to give a satisfactory account of the cases in which the nouns are either universally, or occasionally written separately. (17) If there were no cases of this kind now to be found, it would still be proper that we should notice the fact that this species of modification once prevailed extensively in the language, and gave birth to a host of our compound terms.]

§ 71. There is yet another species of modification sometimes applied to nouns which we may as well treat in this place. (1) It consists of the verbal noun, commonly called the Infinitive.* (2) This form of modification is placed after the principal word. (3) We have examples in such phrases as, A desire to learn. A propensity to find fault. The wish to excel. The desire to please. (4) He has a heart to pity, a hand to help. The infinitive here expresses a purpose: = a heart for the purpose of pitying, a hand for the purpose of helping. (See § 77: 6, and Note.) (5) An action to be condemned. Here there is perhaps an ellipsis of the word worthy, or some similar adjective. It is time to rise. An opportunity to enrich himself. (6) This kind of modification occurs less frequently than some others, and has received slight notice from grammarians. (7)

*Since these words are preceded in this case by the particle to, this modification might perhaps be placed among those united to the principal word by an intermediary. But there is good reason to doubt whether the word to is really in this use a mere intermediary; and we have already, waiving all dispute about the matter, presented the infinitive with its accompanying particle as a noun, because, thus accompanied, it performs the function of subject noun. We must, therefore, in consistency, treat the combination of the particle with the verbal root, here as elsewhere, as if it were a single word. Indeed, there is no other course open to us, till it has been

peat remark in reference to the mode of analysis, when this kind of compounds occurs. (16) What reason is assigned for noticing this species of modification? (17) What further is said about noticing this species of modification?]

§ 71. (1) Mention another species of modification applied to nouns. (2) Where is this modification placed in reference to the principal word? (3) Repeat the first four examples. (4) Repeat the next example and the observation. (5) Repeat remark on example, "an action to be condemned." (6) Repeat remark in reference to this kind of modification. (7) What name may be given to this form of modification?