part or body, which is round, about eight inches high and seven inches diameter at the broadest part.

About the same time, a Celt* of green stone, and in

a very perfect and beautiful state of preservation, was brought up by one of the dredging machines from a depth of ten feet below the bed of the river or 16 feet below low-water mark, about 300 or 400 yards above Sunderland bridge, the ground brought up being clean rough sand. The Rev. John Laurence, A. M. rector of Bishopwearmouth from 1721 to 1732, and Prebendary of Sarum (and the great-great grandfather of Richard Laurence Pemberton, Esq. of Barnes) in his work on "Agriculture," alludes to some ancient

[British or Roman ?] chisels being found in the small joints and crevices of the stone, in a quarry near Bishopwear

* As to the uses which Celts were applied to, there are a great variety of opinions. Thoresby "supposes them to have been the heads of spears or walking staves of the civilized Britons." Hearne thinks them" chisels used by the civilized Britons, for cutting and

the days of yore, extended along the sea bank from near St. John's Chapel to, and skirted a part of, the river Wear. Whilst making the river entrance to the Sunderland dock, it became necessary to remove the workshops of the Commissioners of the river Wear, and in order to make way for the latter, some old houses occupying the Pier or Commissioners' Quay were pulled down. Under these, the remains of what was supposed to have been the site of a Roman pottery were brought to light. About eight feet below the surface appeared a circle, twenty or twenty-five feet in diameter, hewn out of the limestone rock. In the interior of this was a circle of small rubble stones, in arrangement resembling a gin or horsemill, which had apparently been erected for the purpose of grinding clay. Near this place was found a quantity of red and yellow ochre, and some broken earthenware, with four perfect specimens of Roman bottles of common red ware, and unglazed; one of which was presented by Mr. Meik to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastleupon-Tyne; and another, a very perfect one in all respects, was presented by the same gentleman to the Sunderland Museum. The latter specimen, from which the following sketch was taken, is nearly fourteen inches in height; its neck, which is about two inches in diameter at the mouth, is nearly six inches long; and its under have been condemned to undergo in the church-yard of Morpeth-to become flagging for its footpaths: still, however, his name shines with bright and unsullied lustre in the temple of fame; and

"Nomen quæsitum ingenio non excidit:

"Erit indebile."

Bruce's Roman Wall, 2nd ed., p. 81; Hodgson's Memoirs of Horsley, &c., pp. 142-44; Notes and Queries, January 14, 1854.

quar

skeleton of a man, and the coins were found in a grave near it. The account he gives is in substance as follows: -Upon Fulwell Hills, near Monkwearmouth, within a measured mile of the sea, there are quarries of lime, which he rents of the proprietor. In the year 1759 he removed a ridge of lime-stone and rubbish, upon one of these ries, which was about twenty-five yards in length from east to west, its perpendicular height about a yard and a half, its breadth at the top was near six yards, and the sides were sloping like the ruins of a rampart. In the middle of this bank was found the skeleton of a human body, which measured nine feet six inches in length; the shin bone measured two feet three inches from the knee to the ankle; the head lay to the west, and was defended from the superincumbent earth by four large flat stones, which the relater, a man of great probity, who was present when the skeleton was measured, and who himself took the teeth out of the jaw, saw removed. The coins were found on the south side of the skeleton, near the right hand." In the month of December, 1820, immediately above the excavation of the lime-stone at Carley Hill quarry, which is and destructive weapon, from these simple materials. If I might be allowed to hazard a conjecture, I should suppose that the metal Celts in our museums were fabricated by foreign artists, and exported to this country; just as we have sent to the South Sea Islands an imitation in iron of their stone hatchet, which has now become so scarce as to be deemed an object of curiosity even to the natives of those countries." Speaking of Celts in general, Dr. George Pearson says, "they were probably instruments used by the ancient Britons, Gauls, and Celtæ ;" and respecting their use he adds, "the most probable opinion is, that they were merely domestic tools. Many of the Celts are cast after the model of stone instruments, which are confessedly ancient British or Celtic chopping instruments."-Arch. Eliana, i., 91.

situated about a quarter of a mile west of Fulwell Hill, in the parish of Monkwearmouth, and about 200 yards west of Hill-house, then the residence of Mr. Thos. Wake, senior (now of Robert Bowery, Esq.), whilst removing the surplus soil, Thomas Dobson, quarryman, found a Roman figure, which appeared to be a Lar.* There

were found at the same time several portions of human bones, and a quantity of common rock limpet shells, embedded in lime-stone rubbish and surface soil. It is worthy of remark, that several excavations have been made in the solid lime-stone rock at Carley Hill (similar to stone coffins) containing human bones.† Besides these, other discoveries have from time to time been made in the immediate neighbourhood, all tending

to the conclusion that Sunderland was not unknown to the Romans, although not mentioned by any of their historians, nor by any of the writers on Roman Britain.

The ingenious Mr. Cade, in a letter to George Allan,

* LAR, or LARE, a domestic or household god among the Romans, placed in some private part of the house, which the family honoured as their protector.

"Archæologia Eliana," vol. i., List of Donations, p. 13. Dr. Clanny presented the Lar to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastleupon-Tyne.

John Cade, a humble but industrious antiquary, was born at Darlington in 1734, and acquired, in Queen Elizabeth's Free Grammar School there, Latin enough to "read a legend on a coin, or an inscription on a gravestone." At an early age he was placed in the

C

ALLAN.

Esq., F.S.A., dated May 13, 1777, says "There were certainly two Roman roads cross this county, which might be easily traced by a skilfull antiquary, and as yet not noticed; the one, I should conjecture from the map of Drake's Roman Roads in Yorkshire,

came directly from Dunus (Whitby) to the Trajectus at the Estuary of Tees, opposite Bellasis, which has certainly been a castrum, and continued along the shore to Hertelpoole, Weremouth, and South Shields. The other road had branched from York in a straight line to Craike Castle, crossed the Tees at Neesham, or Sockburn, come by Bishopton, Mainsforth, Old Durham, Chester, to Gateshead ;" and in another letter to the same gentleman,* Mr. Cade boldly asserts that "Wearmouth was certainly a Roman station." It must, however, be admitted, that Mr. Cade was rather enthusiastic

house of a wholesale linen-draper in London, where he rose, by honest industry, from the lowest situation in the warehouse, to the first in the counting-house; after which he was admitted a partner into a branch of the business in Dublin. Individuals endowed with a literary turn, however limited their acquirements, and however humble their pretensions, are seldom, I believe, vassals to the demon of avarice; and Cade, as soon as he had acquired a very moderate competence, relinquished trade for ever, and retired about 1775, first to Durham, and afterwards, about 1785, to Gainford, where his leisure, till within a very few years of his death, was unceasingly devoted to topographical pursuits. He explored Roman roads, illustrated stations, suo more, and, above all, employed himself in the amusing labour of illustration. Cade's last years were passed under the pressure of

* 66.

Nichols's Literary Anecdotes," viii., pp. 314-319.