ETNA INSURANCE COMPANY of Hartford was incorporated in 1819, and began business August 19th. Its capital stock was fixed at $150,000, 10 per cent. of which was paid in. The Etna was one of the pioneers in the agency business, and wrote policies in Chicago as early as 1834. Its present capital is $5,000,000, and its stockholders have at various times paid in in cash $4,695,000 of that amount. Up to the date of the Chicago fire, in 1871, there had been paid in $195,000, and the capital was $3,000,000. After the fire it was reduced one-half, and immediately restored by the payment of $1,500,000. After the Boston fire, in 1872, it was reduced to $2,000,000, and restored by the payment of $1,000,000. In 1881 the payment of another million increased the capital to $4,000,000; in 1910 the payment of another million increased the capital to its present figure. The Etna's operations now include every section of the country.

The department managers are: Western branch, Chicago, Ill., Thos. E. Gallagher, general agent; L. O. Kohtz, assistant general agent; Ralph B. Ives, assistant secretary; L. O. Kohtz, general agent marine department; Pacific branch, San Francisco, Cal., W. H. Breeding, general agent; Geo. E. Townsend, assistant general agent.

The company has had six presidents since its organization in 1819. Thomas K. Brace retained the office until 1857, a period of thirty-eight years. Edwin G. Ripley succeeded President Brace, and remained at the head of the company until 1862, when he was succeeded by Thomas A. Alexander. In 1866 Lucius J. Hendee was elected president, and retained the position until his death, September 4, 1888. Jotham Goodnow was elected the successor of President Hendee, being advanced from the secretaryship, which he had held for twenty-two years. He died November 19, 1892, and was succeeded by William B. Clark, who was elected president on the twenty-fifth anniversary of his connection with the company. President Clark's associate officers are Henry E. Rees and A. N. Williams, vice-presidents; E. J. Sloan, secretary; E. S. Allen, G. E. Beardsley and R. B. Ives, assistant secretaries. W. F. Whittelsey, marine vice-president. R. E. Stronach, marine secretary.

The directors are: Morgan G. Bulkeley, Atwood Collins, William B. Clark, Francis Goodwin, Charles E. Gross, James H. Knight, Charles P. Cooley, Arthur L. Shipman, Charles L. Spencer, Charles A. Goodwin, Henry E. Rees, A. N. Williams, J. P. Morgan, and Horace B. Cheney. The special agents are: J. B. Hughes, O. H. King, C. J. Irvin, H. O. Kline, H. B. Smith, James S. Middleton, F. W. Mathews, P. P. Tucker, Joseph M. Biggert, George W. Mills, E. C. French, W. C. Roach, H. B. Nugent, C. L. Ruse, F. C. Clarke, Arthur Lohmeyer, W. H. Wart, W. Ross McCain, Edward Wright, J. R. Stewart, I. B. Beard, J. A. Brackney, W. S. Clark, P. W. D. Jones, Cooper D. Winn, Jr., W. H. Boutell, Arthur Horton, R. Long, Frank W. Brodie. The total assets of the company, December 31, 1917, aggregated $29,852,185.00. Liabilities, exclusive of capital, $16,290,218.00. The net cash premiums received during the year 1917 reached the sum of $18,473,133.06, $5,110,336.52 being in the inland department. The total cash income for the year was $19,543,971.09; total cash

expenditures, $15,565,534.98; the fire and marine losses paid amounted to $8,315,414.70; net amount of risks in force, $2,364,570,887.00. Since organization the company has received in premiums $321,921,959.62; losses paid since organization, $165,896,007.97; cash dividends declared, $39,101,365.00; dividends, payable in stock, $2,805,000.00. [See Cyclopedia for 1892-93, also biographical sketches in present volume.]

AFFIDAVIT RISKS. Laws concerning. [See Reinsurance and Surplus Line Laws.]

AGENTS, RESIDENT.

Agents' Laws.]

Laws concerning. [See Resident

AGENT. TERM DEFINED. The insurance laws of many states define who are agents, and such laws are in force in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin. The laws of a majority of the above states are general in application and while phrased differently, define an agent to be any person who solicits insurance, receives or transmits an application, other than for himself, or in any manner aids in the transaction of the business of an insurance company.

The laws of Florida and Montana contain separate sections defining surety agents, while the laws of Indiana contain additional sections defining separately both surety and life agents, and the law of Delaware defines both life and fire agents, but only agents dealing with companies not incorporated by the state, and defines such as foreign insurance agents." The Colorado law provides that a person not a duly licensed broker, licensed solicitor, or licensed agent's employe," who other than for himself and for compensation, solicits, or transmits any application for insurance or offers or assumes to act in the negotiation of such insurance, shall be an insurance agent within the intent of the law.

The Mississippi law in addition includes every person who shall examine or inspect any risk or adjust or assist in adjusting any loss within its definition of agent, while the law of New York excepts only officers or salaried employes who do not receive commissions within its definition. The Pennsylvania law reads: “An agent is an individual, co-partnership or corporation, authorized in writing by a company: [a] To solicit risks and collect premiums, and to issue or countersign policies in its behalf; or [b] To solicit risks and collect premiums in its behalf," and the Washington law is very similar but designates agents as soliciting and" recording or policy writing" agents. The Michigan law also makes a distinction between a solicitor and agent, and also defines special and general agents. The distinction made in the law between an agent and solicitor" is that the former must be acting under authority of a company with power to write and countersign policies and collect premiums while the solicitor

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receives his authority from the agent and is not authorized to issue or countersign policies. The Arizona law also makes this distinction between agents and solicitors, though designating them as soliciting agents and recording or policy writing agents. [See Cyclopedia for 1915.]

[For text of laws, enacted prior to 1914 see Cyclopedia of Insurance for 1913-14, and also Cyclopedia for 1915, fire section.]

AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Watertown, N. Y. Organized 1853; capital, $500,000. W. H. Stevens, president; J. Q. Adams, secretary; P. H. Willmott, assistant secretary. Organized as a farmers' mutual, and in 1863 converted into a stock company with charter limiting it to the insurance of farm property; now engaged in general fire insurance. It transacts business in most

of the states and territories. It writes tornado, marine, automobile, sprinkler leakage, war and explosion insurance. Sixty-fifth annual statement, January 1, 1918:

ALABAMA FIRE PREVENTION ASSOCIATION. Organized 1915. The present officers are: President, John S. Goldsmith; secretary and treasurer, A. C. Eifler, Montgomery; executive committee, W. W. Graves, Albert Brame, F. O. Hawkins, S. L. Johnson, Harry E. Parker, and W. H. Hackney.

ALABAMA, UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION OF. [See Underwriters' Association of Alabama.]

ALBANY FIELD CLUB. This organization includes in its membership special agents operating in the eastern New York field. The present officers elected in December, 1917, are: President, Robert H. Moore, Insurance Company of North America; vicepresident; L. C. Breed, National of Hartford; secretary, T. C. Naulty, District Secretary Underwriters' Association; treasurer, George Brinley, Hartford Fire.

ALBANY INSURANCE COMPANY, Albany, N. Y. Organized 1811; capital, $250,000. J. Townsend Lansing, president; Ledyard Cogswell, vice-president; Čharles H. Hahn second vice-president; John P. Deal, secretary.

ALIENATION. A transfer of property to another. The fire insurance policy being a personal contract the alienation of the property covered by it voids the policy. So many controversies as to what constitutes alienation have arisen in insurance practice that the standard policies now describe minutely what will avoid the policy. [See Policy Forms, Fire. Also any digest of insurance law.]

ALLEMANNIA FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. Organized 1868; capital, $200,000. William Steinmeyer, president; Chas. B. Reiter, secretary.

ALLIANCE INSURANCE COMPANY, Philadelphia, Pa. Organized 1904; capital $750,000. Benjamin Rush, president; John O. Platt, vice-president; Sheldon Catlin, second vice-president; Galloway C. Morris, third vice-president; T. Howard Wright, secretary and treasurer; John Kremer, assistant secretary; T. Leaming Smith, marine secretary.

ALLIANZ INSURANCE COMPANY (Marine), Berlin, Germany. H. K. Fowler, United States manager, New York, N. Y. The company was required to cease business under the provisions of "Trading with the Enemy "act.

AMERICAN ALLIANCE INSURANCE COMPANY of New York was organized in May, 1896. The officers are: Charles G. Smith, president; Edwin M. Cragin, secretary; Jesse E. White and Alexander R. Phillips, assistant secretaries. W. H. Sage is general manager of the western department at Chicago; Ingram and Lerch, managers; W. E. Miller, assistant manager. George H. Tyson is general agent of the Pacific Department at San Francisco, Herbert Folger assistant general agent. The company does an agency business throughout the United States. Capital, $1,000,000, and net surplus, December 31, 1917, $942,312.16. The directors are William N. Kremer, Arthur O. Choate, Ralph L. Cutter, Otto L. Dommerich, Hermann C. Fleitmann, Eustis L. Hopkins, Woodbury Langdon, Samuel McRoberts, George W. Perkins, Charles G. Smith, Howard C. Smith, John W. Sterling, Julius A. Stursberg, William Wood. (Formerly the German-Alliance, the company adopted the present title January 1, 1918.)

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York. Organized 1896; capital, $300,000. W. L. H. Simpson, president; W. A. W. Burnett, vice-president; J. E. Hoffman, secretary and treasurer.

AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo. Organized 1911, began business January 1, 1912; capital, $300,000. Charles W. Disbrow, president; H. Blakesly Collins, vice-president; S. S. Williams, secretary and treasurer; Lawrence B. Pierce, chairman board of directors. Transacts all kinds of automobile insurance.

AMERICAN CENTRAL INSURANCE COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo. Organized 1853; capital, $1,000,000. B. G. Chapman, president; D. E. Monroe, vice-president and secretary; Conrad Roeder, assistant secretary; H. R. Tyler, agency superintendent. The company is controlled by the Commercial Union Assurance Company; control of the stock having been acquired in 1916.

AMERICAN

COMPANIES ORGANIZED OR CONTROLLED BY FOREIGN COMPANIES. A number of fire insurance companies of other countries doing business in the United States have organized or acquired the control of companies with American charters. The following is the list May 1, 1918.

Caledonian,

Owning Caledonian American, N. Y.

Commercial Union,

Owning Commercial Union Fire, N. Y., and California Insurance
Company, San Francisco. American Central, St. Louis.
Owning Liverpool and London and Globe, N. Y.

Liverpool and London and Globe,

London and Lancashire,

Owning Orient, Hartford, and Safeguard, N. Y.

North British and Mercantile,

Owning Mercantile, N. Y., Commonwealth Fire and Penn sylvania Fire, Philadelphia.

Owning Imperial Assurance, New York.

Phoenix of London,
Royal,

General Accident,

Owning Queen, N. Y., and Newark Fire. Newark, N. J.
Owning Potomac Fire, Washington, D. C.

AMERICAN DRUGGISTS FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Cincinnati, Ohio. Organized 1907; capital $200.000. C. H. Avery, president; L. G. Heinritz, vice-president; F. H. Freericks, secretary and general counsel; Geo. B. Kauffman, treasurer.

AMERICAN EAGLE FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, New York, N. Y. Organized 1915; cash capital, $1,000,000. Henry Evans, president; F. W. Koeckert, vice-president; J. E. Lopez, second vice-president and secretary; F. R. Millard, Ernest Sturm, A. A. Maloney, Alfred Stinson, H. E. Maxson, secretaries; A. P. Lange, assistant secretary; Edward Randall, auditor.

AMERICAN EQUITABLE ASSURANCE COMPANY, New York, N. Y. Organized 1918; capital, $400,000. R. A. Corroon, president; Robert van Iderstine, vice-president; T. A. Duffey, secretary. (Fire re-insurance and marine business.)

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE UNDERWRITERS, THE, was established by American ocean marine insurance companies March 31, 1898. On May 25th the following officers were elected: Charles Platt of Philadelphia, president of the Insurance Company of North America, president; A. A. Raven, president of the Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company of New York, vice-president; L. Allyn Wight of New York, secretary; A. J. Macdonald of New York, treasurer. The functions of the Institute are advisory, rather than legislative. Most of the marine insurance companies are represented in the membership. Herbert Appleton of the United States "Lloyds," is president, and William H. McGee, secretary and treasurer; address, 15 William Street, New York, N. Y.

AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY of Newark, N. J. Organized 1846; capital, $2,000,000. Philemon L. Hoadley, president;