5 This arrangement allowed the windows in the roof to be 10 feet high, and another row 10 feet high was added on each side, which permitted the use of the ordinary gravel roof, instead of the usual. felt roofing with cinders. The disadvantage of the usual form of roofing with the latter covering is that its steep slope does not permit of its being walked upon. The ordinary gravel roof has proved entirely practicable for the purpose.

6 The foundry is 128 feet square; the other dimensions are approximately, 50 feet to the top of the monitors; 40 feet to the highest point in the roof proper, and 30 feet to the roof at the sides. The girders are on 18 foot centers. As an economy in cost, a row of posts was used in the center, instead of having one truss the full length of the span.

7 The foundations are of concrete, the walls, 6 feet high, are of brick 12 inches thick, the balance is constructed of steel, with a roof of 2 inch matched pine.

8 The building is so nearly fire proof that it is not considered necessary to install sprinklers. There are hydrants at two places, and fire hose with 100 pound water pressure. There are no wooden partitions or wood work other than that covering the steel at the windows-which the architect, being more used to wood than steel construction, insisted upon using to make the building weather proof and the charging platform, the framework of which, however, is steel with mill construction floor 8 inches thick. It is intended when the wood is perfectly dry (for the purpose of guarding against dry rot) to cover the upper surface with sheet metal and the under surface with some kind of fireproofing.

9 The height of 30 feet at the sides of the building is to allow a deck to be erected at some future time on the line of the top of the first row of windows. The present plan is to begin the deck 10 feet away from the side windows, making it wide enough to accommodate one row of molders, with a gangway at the edge toward the center of the foundry. The under side of the deck will be 12 feet from the foundry floor, and the deck floor about seven feet from the underside of the lowest member of the truss.

10 The floor is of brick, laid in cement. One corner, 18 by 60 feet, is used for a core room, and besides there is ample room for 86 bench-molders.

11 It has not been found necessary to open the monitor windows, it being cool enough when they are closed, but every second window can be swung open. All of the others are stationary except the bottom row, where each window swings open.

Some difficulties were met in removing the cupola from the old location to its present site, a distance of 45 feet. It has a 72 inch shell, is 75 feet high, lined to the top, and is estimated to weigh 76 tons. The local movers were asked to submit bids, the lowest of which was $600, and there was no competition for the order even at that price. Finally a house mover agreed to move it for $175. There was no guarantee against accidents in any case.

13 The company furnished inch wire rope for four guy ropes, which were fastened at their outer ends by tackle, and provided the men to manage them.

14 Two timbers were placed under the cupola from front to rear, and one crosswise. These and the cupola were raised with ordinary movers' jack screws until 5 inch wooden rollers and timbers to roll on were placed beneath. A cross timber was fastened by chains on the under timbers, and jack screws between this cross timber and the ends of the timbers and directly under the cupola shoved the cupola along.

15 To insure its being kept plumb, a timber projected from the charging platform door, from which a plumb-bob was suspended by a wire. A plank fastened to the base of the cupola with a nail driven so that its head was directly under the point of the plumb-bob, told which way to raise the blocking: After everything was ready the cupola was moved in ten hours. The mover made a profit of $75, and the entire cost to the company was $225.

16 The foundry will be heated by the forced circulation of hot water, which is to be kept at 157 degrees. The temperature at zero weather is guaranteed to be 45 degrees. The radiation is estimated at 4300 square feet of radiating surface, using 1 inch pipe.

DISCUSSION

MR. E. H. MUMFORD The authors have mentioned that they have a mezzanine floor and placed the machines under, instead of on it. This is especially interesting in view of the fact that just now a modification of what has come to be known as the Crane system of placing machines and everything else on the upper floors, and dropping castings and sand down through perhaps several floors, is being exploited in a number of new foundries. I should like to know their reason for putting the machines under the mezzanine floor.

THE AUTHORS The 12 or 14 ft. that we have under the floor is ample room for molding machines and it seemed to be better to put them there. We want a carrier that will not occupy too much room in

through the end of the foundry may be very great. In fact, it may virtually result in the stopping of practically all work for several hours on days when the end of the building is open a great deal.

4 To overcome this difficulty, several foundries have run a track down through the middle of the building. The locomotive crane then enters the building through a comparatively low door, without letting all of the hot air out.

5 This crane can bring carloads of flasks and distribute them along the floor wherever they are wanted. The long boom of the locomotive crane will frequently be convenient as an auxiliary crane on special work. In fact, it is serviceable both indoors and out, enabling the foundry management to accomplish vastly more than could be done without its service.

6 When a locomotive crane goes out of doors flasks can be piled just as far as the boom will reach. When the yard is full, space can be rented somewhere near. When the locomotive crane service is installed there is no expense for overhead runways, as in the case of traveling cranes, the only outlay is for railroad track, which may also be used for shifting cars.

7 In a mining enterprise, in which the writer engaged some years ago, it was necessary to deal with various kinds and types of pipe lines, 2000 or more feet long. Among other difficulties, there were those due to expansion and contraction, insulation, and hidden joints. In one mine there were about 30 or 40 miles of air pipe lines running from central stations. Air was carried over mountains to another mine, and on that line, which was several miles long, air was sometimes left on the line over a holiday and at the end of 48 hours the pressure had not fallen over ten pounds.

8 No difficulty was found in keeping those long lines practically tight with compressed air, with a variation of temperature of from 50 degrees below zero in winter to 110 degrees in summer. Therefore there should be no difficulty in keeping the air mains tight in a foundry.

9 What Mr. Ronceray says about the hydraulic lines is true. In the course of investigations a few years ago, of installations of hydraulic power in a large number of steel works, the writer was surprised at the tightness of their lines, due perhaps to the small diameter of the pipes and the care with which the joints were made.

THE AUTHOR Mr. Richards has called my attention to the fact that main compressed air lines can be made tight and kept tight; but there are many cases where they are not kept tight. A large leakage

occurs in nearly every compressed air system in the connections made. to the various driven machines, particularly when these connections are of a temporary nature. Undoubtedly leakage in a compressed air line and in all of the machine connections can be practically prevented, but it is very rarely done.

2 I should have qualified my statement that "compressed air lines, as usually constructed, are designed to remain tight only long enough to pass the acceptance test." I did not have the kind of acceptance test in mind which is usually associated with this expression, but the rough and ready test made in the field by the pipe fitter, or the erecting man. Such tests are much more frequent than those of a purely scientific nature.

3 Mr. Richards and I evidently have different ideas as to what constitutes a small compressor. Compressors dealing with less than 60 to 70 cu. ft. of free air per minute do not have Corliss valve gears.

4 In the class of service to which Mr. Richards has alluded, subaqueous tunnel work, reliability in a compressor carries far greater weight than steam or power economy. A saving of five to ten pounds per hour in steam consumption during several years would not make up for the damage resulting from one enforced shut down of the air compressor lasting any considerable time.

5 Mr. Mumford's remarks I agree with, in all particulars. Mr. Ronceray's remarks are interesting and his observations have been confirmed in my own experience.

6 In regard to the relative economy of compressed air or electric transmission: Mr. Johnson doubts the economy of such transmissions for less than five miles. In this the individual case has so much to do with the cost of construction that it would be easy to assume conditions or to find conditions where electric transmission would be the more economical, or the reverse. Aside from economy of operation and construction there are many cases in which a small electric driven air compressor, merely by its convenience and the ease with which it can be carted around and operated, would be far ahead of the pipe line system of getting the air to the work.

7 Mr. Lane has spoken of the locomotive crane. This machine should be better known in the foundry, and as it can be utilized as a shifting engine in addition to the numerous ways Mr. Lane has suggested, it merits some attention. The locomotive crane renders the foundry man independent of the delays of railroad switching service around his own plant. My reply to Mr. Richards covers the points. in regard to compressed air lines mentioned by Mr. Lane.