Island. The positions of the shoals and the various small anchorages between them will be best understood by reference to the chart.

San Carlos, the most important town in this vicinity, lies on San Carlos Point, a low, sandy point extending from the coast of Negros into Refugio Pass abreast the northern end of Refugio Island. The town is nearly obscured by trees, only a few houses being visible. There is a small wharf at San Carlos Point and another built out to deep water about 11⁄2 mile northward of the town. San Carlos has regular steamer communication with Iloilo, and considerable sugar and tobacco is shipped. A fixed red light, visible 10 miles, is shown from a white, concrete beacon about 50 yards north of the inner end of the wharf at San Carlos Point.

Good anchorage may be found 400 or 500 yards southward of San Carlos Point in from 5 to 8 fathoms (9.1 to 14.6 m.); muddy bottom. In approaching this anchorage from the northward care must be taken to give the eastern side of San Carlos Point a berth of about 12 mile as a shoal, sandy flat covered by 12 to 2 fathoms (0.9 to 3.6 m.) extends nearly 3 mile in that direction and is not usually visible owing to the muddy water.

Talabe Point, the western entrance point to the northern end of Refugio Pass, is about 2 miles northeastward of San Carlos Point. It is low and flat and covered with mangroves and coconut trees. The Talabe River discharges through the point. Shoal water surrounds this point about 3 mile.

A small, detached, coral reef with a least depth of 32 fathoms (6.4 m.) and surrounded by deep water lies 5% mile east-southeastward of Talabe Point. This reef constitutes the outer danger on the western side of the northern approach to Refugio Pass.

Pinabuntan Point, about 111⁄2 miles northeastward of Talabe Point, is low and covered with mangroves which extend about 1/2 mile outside the solid shore line.

Ticlin Reef is a detached coral reef, partly bare at low water, lying about 3/4 mile south-southeastward of Ticlin Island. On the southern part of the section which bares at low water is a shifting sand cay awash at about half tide.

Paulino Point is about 11% miles northeastward of Pinabuntan Point. The head of the indentation between these two points is filled by an extensive mangrove swamp which extends from 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 mile inland.

Ticlin Island, a little over 1/4 mile southward from Paulino Point, is a small islet mostly covered with mangroves. It is surrounded by a reef bare at low water.

Anchorage may be found in 8 fathoms (14.6 m.) 14 or 3 mile southwestward of Ticlin Island. Better-protected anchorage for small vessels may be found in a basin about 1/4 mile in extent in 6 fathoms (11 m.), muddy bottom, about 300 yards northwestward of Ticlin Island, with the southwest point of that island in range with the sandy cay on Ticlin Reef, bearing 155° (SSE. 14 E. mag.).

Two channels lead into this anchorage; the northern one is better. In rounding the northern end of the reef fringing Ticlin Island, the depths decrease from 15 fathoms (27.4 m.) outside to 5 fathoms (9.1 m.) just before the anchorage on the previously described range is reached. The southern channel leading around the western side of

the island is narrow. By keeping in the best water 24 fathoms (4.1 m.) may be carried, but this channel should not be attempted under unfavorable light conditions or unless previously staked.

From Paulino Point the coast trends north-northeasterly with a curve westward for 16 miles to Ocre Point, on the south side of the entrance to the Danao River. This coast is fringed by a narrow, steep-to, coral reef, with no detached dangers excepting a small patch, partly bare at low water, lying about 1 mile northeastward of Paulino Point and 34 mile from shore, and a small 12-fathom (2.7 m.) reef lying about 3/4 mile southeastward of the village of Salamanca. Both of the above-mentioned reefs are inside the ordinary track of navigation.

Calatrava is a small town, of little commercial importance, on the south side of the mouth of the Calatrava River, about 3 miles northward of Paulino Point. In passing along the coast it may be recognized by a large, iron-roofed convent near the beach, nearly in the center of the point on which the town is situated. This convent and an old, abandoned schoolhouse are the only buildings visible from the sea. Anchorage may be found off the southern side of the point on which Calatrava lies in 12 fathoms (21.9 m.) about 1/4 mile from the shore, with the point bearing 13° (N. by E. 1 E. mag.).

Ocre Point, the southern entrance to the Danao River, is about 50 feet (15.2 m.) high and is formed by yellow clay and rock.

Mount Solitario, described under the northern coast of Negros, lies 534 miles westward of Ocre Point; is the only high land in its vicinity; is of regular, conical shape, 1,119 feet (341 m.) high; and is a useful landmark for making the mouth of the Danao River.

The Danao River (chart 4463), which empties between Ocre and Mocaboc Points, has a least depth of 12 feet on the bar, deepening inside to 10 and 12 fathoms (18.3 to 21.9 m.). The channel across the bar is narrow and tortuous and has a least width of 100 yards between the 2-fathom (3.6 m.) curves. The river is about 600 yards wide at the mouth, but soon narrows to 200 yards and varies in width from 100 to 200 yards for a distance of 4 miles. The general course of the river is from west to east, the banks are steep-to; and good protected anchorage may be found anywhere inside the bar. On the north bank of the river, about 1/2 mile inside the bar, is a dilapidated. wharf, immediately back of which is an iron-roofed shed which forms a prominent landmark. From the landing at the ruins of the wharf a road runs to Escalante. No water is obtainable nearer than a spring 8 miles up the river. Danao River affords a fine harbor of refuge for small vessels.

A fixed red light is shown from a concrete beacon near the ruins of the wharf. The light is the only aid to navigation, and vessels entering Danao River should proceed cautiously. The anchorage space off the ruins of the wharf is only about 100 yards wide between the 2-fathom (3.6 m.) curves, and considerable difficulty is found in turning, especially on an ebb tide. The mean time of high water is 11h 36m after the moon's meridian passage. Springs rise 5.8 feet.

Mocaboc Point, about 2 miles northward of the Danao River, is about 40 feet (12.2 m.) high and is formed of yellow clay and rock.

It is surrounded by a fringing reef which extends 1/4 mile northward and continues along the shores of Escalante Bay.

From Mocaboc Point the coast trends west-southwestward for about 2 miles and then north-northwestward for 6 miles to Vito Point, forming Escalante Bay. This bay is fringed by wide coral reefs, bare at low water, and faced by Bagunbanua Island and a number of large dangerous reefs, partly bare at low water. The village of Escalante lies on the western side of Mocaboc Point. Owing to the fact that reefs extend nearly 11⁄2 mile from the village, vessels rarely anchor in Escalante Bay. Vessels desiring to communicate with Escalante enter the Danao River or anchor outside, northward of the bar, in 2 or 211⁄2 fathoms (3.6 or 4.6 m.), and land on the beach, where a trail leads to the village.

Panalsalon Reef is a large reef, partly bare at low water, lying with its southwest extremity about 1 mile northward of Escalante. On the part baring at low water are large bowlders awash at high water. There is a deep channel 1/4 mile wide between Panalsalon Reef and the reefs fringing Escalante Bay.

Bagunbanua Island lies on the southwest angle of a large triangular reef, bare at low water, 15% miles northward of Mocaboc Point. It is very small and covered with bushes. A reef, bare at low water, extends over 34 mile northward and the same distance eastward from it.

Between Bagunbanua Island Reef and the reefs fringing the shores of Escalante Bay is a deep channel over 14 miles wide, but there are a number of small, dangerous, rocky patches covered by depths of 12 to 3 fathoms (2.7 to 5.5 m.), as shown on the chart.

A large detached reef, bare at low water, lies 1/2 mile southeastward of Bagunbanua Island, between which and Bagunbanua Island Reef is a narrow pass with a depth of 211⁄2 fathoms (4.6 m.). Between this reef and Panalsalon Reef there is a deep channel 14 mile wide.

Pamaaun Reef is a large reef lying with its southwest extremity about 134 miles northward of Bagunbanua Island. An area about 3⁄4 mile in extent bares at low water and on the southwest part of this area there is a small, sandy cay awash at high water.

Nearly midway between Pamaaun Reef and the eastern extremity of Bagunbanua Island Reef is a large, rocky shoal bare at extreme low water. There is a deep channel between this reef and Bagunbanua Island Reef and also between it and Pamaaun Reef.

From Vito Point to Sagay Point, about 21⁄2 miles northward, is very little solid land, mangroves covering the reefs 12 to 1 mile from shore. This coast is fringed by a reef bare at low water over 1 mile outside the mangroves.

ISLANDS OFF THE NORTH END OF CEBU

Guintacan Island lies about 614 miles west-northwestward of Bantigui Point, the northwestern extremity of Cebu. The top of the island is a fairly level plateau covered with low trees, bushes, and grass, and is 167 feet (51 m.) high. The island is bounded on all sides by rocky cliffs ranging from 100 feet (30 m.) high at the northern end to 40 feet (12.2 m.) at the southern and is clear and steep-to.

There are four small villages on the island and it is well cultivated; there is no fresh water. There is great difficulty in anchoring off Guintacan because of the great depth of water. Indifferent anchorage may be found in 16 fathoms (29.3 m.), sandy bottom, about 3 mile from shore, off the village of Pasil, on the southeast coast and off the village of Langob on the southwest coast.

Chocolate Islet, a little over 1 mile northward of Bulalaqui Point. the northeastern extremity of Cebu, is a small, wooded islet 138 feet (42 m.) high. It is clean and steep-to and forms a prominent landmark for navigating the channels between Cebu and Malapascua Islands. Chocolate Islet, bearing between 266° (W. 2 S. mag.), and 330° (NW. 11⁄2 N. mag.), will carry a vessel clear of the rocks southwestward of Malapascua and reefs between Bulalaqui and Campatoc Points. Good, temporary anchorage in moderate depths may be found anywhere in the vicinity of Chocolate Islet.

Malapascua Island lies with its southern end 334 miles northeastward of Bulalaqui Point. Malapascua Light, flashing white, visible 16 miles, is located near the northwestern point of the island. Its northern, eastern, and southern coasts are fringed with reefs and shoals for about 1/2 mile. It is covered with small trees and bushes and is 78 feet (23.8 m.) high in the northeastern part. Its shore line is very irregular, being a succession of rocky headlands connected with the shore by narrow ridges and with many outlying pinnacles of rock. There is a small, rocky islet 18 feet (5.5 m.) high close to its northwestern extremity, a rock 1 foot (0.3 m.) high 1⁄2 mile northward of the same point, and a rock awash nearly 1/2 mile eastward of the 1-foot (0.3 m.) rock. About 3 mile southwestward of the southwest point of the island is a small islet 25 feet (7.6 m.) high and several rocks 5 to 16 feet (1.5 to 4.9 m.) high. Good anchorage may bc found in the northeast monsoon in 10 fathoms (18.3 m.) about 1⁄2 mile southwestward of the light.

Monad Shoal is an extensive shoal lying with its shoalest part 534 fathoms (10.5 m.) about 41⁄2 miles east-southeastward of the southeast point of Malapascua Island. It consists of coral bowlders. and sand.

WEST COAST OF CEBU

Cebu Island is between Negros on its western side and Leyte and Bohol on its eastern. It is long and narrow, 122 miles north and south, and its greatest width is 20 miles. A chain of mountains containing beds of coral, traverses the entire length of the island. Cebu is the ninth island of the group in point of size, having an area of 1,762 square statute miles, and is thickly populated. The rivers are small and numerous, and generally unfit for navigation or irrigation. With the exception of a few fine valleys, the cultivation is confined mainly to the seaboard. The principal exports are hemp, sugar, and tobacco.

Bulalaqui Point, the northern extremity of Cebu, is formed by a cliff 90 feet (27.4 m.) high, back of which the land rises rapidly to a height of 140 feet (43 m.). It is clean and steep-to on its northern

side.

Tapilon Point, about 21/4 miles westward of Bulalaqui Point, is rocky and 124 feet (38 m.) high; between these two points the

shore is low and fringed by a narrow reef. The village of Tapilon lies on the beach about 1/4 mile eastward of Tapilon Point. Some sugar is shipped to the city of Cebu in small sailing craft. Anchorage may be found about 1/2 mile northward of the village in 7 fathoms (12.8 m.); sandy bottom.

Bantigui Point, 134 miles west-southwestward of Tapilon Point, is low and sandy, fringed with coconut trees, and surrounded by reefs and shoal water for 11⁄2 mile. Between Bantigui and Tapilon Points the shore curves southward, forming a small bay, which is blocked by reefs. The Cortejan River empties through a salt marsh at the head of the bay.

Daan Bantayan, locally known as Candaya, is a small town of little commercial importance, lying 114 miles south of Bantigui Point, at the mouth of the Dalingding River. There is a large prominent church. A small steamer calls weekly, and the mail is also sent overland to Cebu. Anchorage in fine weather may be found about 2 mile westward of the town in 9 or 10 fathoms (16.4 to 18.3 m.); muddy bottom.

From the town of Daan Bantayan the coast trends southwesterly for 5 miles to Cauit Point. This coast is low and sandy and fringed by a reef which extends nearly 2 mile in places.

Cauit Point is low and flat, covered with coconut trees, and fringed by a very narrow strip of steep-to coral reef. Back of Cauit Point the land rises gradually, and about 2 miles inland is 470 feet (143 m.) high. The village of Cauit, on the point, contains a prominent church.

Jibitnil Island lies 1 mile westward of Cauit Point. Its shores are clear and steep-to and its top is a well-wooded table-land 110 feet (33 m.) high. The channel between it and Cebu is clear and has a depth of 13 fathoms (23.8 m.) in the middle.

Hagnaya Bay (chart 4465).-From Tajad Point, about 2 miles southward of Cauit Point, the coast trends southeastward for 21⁄2 miles, thence southward for 2 miles, and thence northwestward for 2 miles more to Sabil Point, forming a large, irregularly shaped bay. The entire bay, eastward of a line drawn between Tajad and Sabil Points, is foul, being filled with reefs and shoals, the greater part of which bare at low water. The shores of the bay are generally fringed with mangroves. There are several small rivers emptying into the bay through shallow channels through the reefs. There are several small and unimportant villages lying on the shores of the bay. The town of Medellin is at the mouth of the Dagosungan River in the northeastern part of the bay. There is a narrow, tortuous channel beginning about 1/2 mile northeast of Sabil Point and leading to Medellin, through which about 10 feet (3 m.) can be carried at high water to within less than 1/2 mile of the village, but in the absence of any aids to navigation it should not be attempted by a stranger.

Anchorage for small vessels may be found in 8 fathoms (14.6 m.) about 2 mile north-northeast ward of Sabil Point. The country is flat and furnishes no distinctive leading marks, and there are no aids to navigation.

62012°-27-16