he became his father's successor in the pulpit in Pittsfield. In 1817 he was elected president of Dartmouth College, and from 1820 to 1830 he was president of Bowdoin College. Allen's memoir was published in 1847.

ALLEN, WILLIAM (1806-79). An American statesman. He was born in North Carolina, but at an early age went to Ohio, where he practiced law. He was elected to Congress in 1832 by the Democrats, but was defeated on a second trial. He was twice elected to the United States Senate, and served from 1837 to 1849. In 1848 he was offered the nomination for President, but declined it on the ground that he was pledged to General Lewis Cass. In 1873 he was elected Governor of Ohio. Two years afterward he was a candidate for reëlection, but as he made his canvas on the greenback issue, of which cause he had become the foremost advocate, he was defeated by R. B. Hayes. He is said to be the author of the famous alliterative slogan of the campaign of 1844, “Fifty-four forty, or fight."

ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (1830-89). An American educator and historian, joint editor of Allen and Greenough's series of school books. He was born at Northborough, Mass., and graduated at Harvard in 1851. He studied history and antiquities in Germany and Italy for two years, and afterward became professor of Latin and Roman history at the University of Wisconsin, a position which he filled from 1867 until his death. In addition to his text books, he published many works of standard merit, including Outline Studies in the History of Ireland (1887).

ALLEN, WILLIAM HENRY (1784-1813). An American naval officer. He was born in Providence, R. I., and entered the navy in 1800. He was a lieutenant on the frigate United States in the action with the Macedonian, October 25, 1812, in which the latter was captured. Afterward he commanded the brig Argus, cruising off England in 1813. After having captured $2,000,000 worth of property, he encountered the British brig Pelican, August 14, and lost his own vessel, and died the next day of wounds received in the fight. ALLEN, WILLIAM HENRY, LL.D. (1808-82). An American educator. He was born at Manchester, Me., and graduated at Bowdoin College in 1833. He was profesor of Latin and Greek at Cazenovia (N. Y.) Seminary from 1833 to 1836; of natural philosophy and chemistry in Dickinson College, 1836-46; of philosophy and English literature there from 1846 to 1849; president of Girard College, Philadelphia, 1849-62 and 186782. In 1872 he was chosen president of the American Bible Society.

ALLEN, ZACHARIAH (1795-1882). An American scientist and inventor. He was born in Providence, R. I., graduated at Brown University in 1813, studied law in the office of James Burrill, and was admitted to the bar in 1815. Subsequently he became a manufacturer, and in 1825 visited Europe for the study of mechanical methods in England, Holland, and France. He constructed (1821) the first hot-air furnace for the heating of dwelling-houses, was the first to calculate the motive power of Niagara Falls (Silliman's Journal, April, 1844), devised the system of mutual insurance of mill property, and framed new laws for regulating the sale of explosive oils. In 1833 he patented his best-known invention, the automatic cut-off valve for steam engines, still in use with improvements. He was from

1822 a member, and from 1880 president, of the Rhode Island Historical Society. His publications include The Science of Mechanics (1829), Philosophy of the Mechanics of Nature (1851), The Rhode Island System of Treatment of the Indians, and of Establishing Civil and Religious Liberty (1876; address at the bi-centennial anniversary of the burning of Providence), and Solar Light and Heat, the Source and Supply (1879). Consult Perry, Memorial of Zachariah Allen, 1795-1882 (Cambridge, 1883).

ALLENDE, â-yân'dâ, or SAN MIGUEL DE ALLENDE. An historic city in the eastern part of the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, situated on the Lara River, 40 miles north of Celaya (Map: Mexico, H 3). It figured prominently in the first period of the revolution against Spain, taking its modern name from one of the great patriot leaders, Ignacio de Allende. The town's principal industries are blanket-making and the manufacture of horse equipments. Pop., 15,000. AL'LENITES. See ALLEN, HENRY.

ALLENSTEIN, älʼlĕn-stin. A town of East Prussia, capital of the circle of Allenstein, situated about 32 miles from the Russian frontier, on the river Alle (Map: Prussia, J 2). It is a well-built and neat-looking town, with several churches, a gymnasium, and an agricultural school, a hospital, gas works, and a number of markets; of industrial establishments it has saw mills, machine shops, breweries, and a match factory. Pop. 1895, 21,579; 1900, 24,207.

AL'LENTOWN. A city and the county seat of Lehigh County, Pa., 60 miles northwest of Philadelphia, on the Lehigh River, and on the Lehigh Valley, Central of New Jersey, and Philadelphia and Reading railroads (Map: Pennsylvania, F 3). It is one of the largest producers of furniture in the United States, is second to Paterson in the production of American silks, and has extensive manufactures of iron and steel, cement, cigars, and thread. The city owns and operates its water works, and has a fine hospital; it is the seat of Muhlenberg College (Lutheran), established 1867, and of the Allentown College for Women. Allentown was laid out about 1752 by William Allen, then Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, and was known by its present name until, in 1811, it became the seat of justice of Lehigh County, and was incorporated as the borough of Northampton. In 1838 its first name was restored, and in 1867 Allentown was incorporated by special charter. Under the charter of 1889, now in operation, the mayor is elected for three years, and the city council is composed of two bodies, an upper house of 11 members and a lower house of 22. The annual income of the city amounts to about $450,000; expenditures to $360,000, of which $105,000 is spent in construction and other capital outlay, and $255,000 in maintenance and operation. The principal items of expense include $10,000 for the police department, $15,000 for the fire department, and $95,000 for schools. Pop. 1890, 25,228; 1900, 35,416. See Matthews and Hungerford, History of the Counties of Lehigh and Carbon (Philadelphia, 1884).

ALLEP'PI, or ALLAPPALI. A seaport on the western coast of the native State of Travancore, in the southern part of Madras, British India (Map: India, C 7). It has a sheltered roadstead, and carries on a considerable trade in coffee, pepper, and cardamoms. By means of

canals and lagoons along the coast, Alleppi communicates with Cochin on the north and Trivandrum on the south. Population estimated at from 24,000 to 30,000.

ALLER, äl′ēr. A river of Germany, rising about 20 miles west of Magdeburg. It flows northwestward, joining the Weser near Verden. Of its course of 155 miles, the greater part across Hanover, the portion which lies below Calle is navigable.

ALʼLERTON, ISAAC (c. 1583-1659). One of the Pilgrim Fathers who came to America in the first voyage of the Mayflower. He was one of the energetic and wealthy members of Ply mouth colony, and was sent to Europe several times as its agent. A disagreement with the colony in 1631 resulted in his removal to New Amsterdam, where he became a member of the council in 1643. He spent the latter years of his life in New Haven. His daughter, Mary, was the last survivor of the Mayflower company.

ALLEVARD-LES-BAINS, ål'l'-värʼlå-băn'. A town of the department of Isère, France, on the left bank of the Breda, 15 miles southeast of Chambéry. It has iron and steel manufac tures, and is greatly resorted to for its valuable medicinal springs and the picturesque scenery of its valley. Pop., 1896, 2726.

ALLEYN, ăl❜len, EDWARD (1566-1626). An English actor, theatre manager, and the founder of Dulwich College. Born in the parish of St. Botolph, just out of London, he went upon the stage shortly before Shakespeare came from Stratford. Alleyn won rapid success, especially in tragedy, playing among other rôles the Jew in Marlowe's Jew of Malta, and also Tamburlaine and Faustus. He owned several playhouses, and in 1592 married the step-daughter of Philip Henslowe (q.v.), with whom he was associated in building the Fortune Theatre and in various other enterprises, including the profitable business of bear-baiting. As his wealth increased, he ceased acting and became a manager. But though he seems to have been so much the favorite actor of his time that, as was said, "The name of Ned Allen on the common stage was able to make an ill matter good," his chief claim to remembrance is as the munificent founder of the College of God's Gift, at Dulwich. His motive in this benefaction has been ascribed by tradition to an apparition of the devil, who appeared to him as he was playing that character in a theatre, but his well-known liberality and the fact that he was childless are more to the point. The college was begun in 1613, and in 1619, after some obstruction on the part of Lord Chancellor Bacon, who wished the King to prefer the foundation of two lectureships at Oxford and Cambridge, it obtained the royal charter. Here for several years Alleyn resided, and managed the affairs of the institution. Alleyn was a friend of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, and a patron of Dekker (q.v.) and other writers. He was buried in the chapel of the college he had founded, and among its possessions are his portrait and a collection, in part, however, spurious, of his business papers. Consult: J. P. Collier, Memoirs of Edward Alleyn (London, 1841); J. P. Collier, Annals of the Stage (London, 1819); Warner, Catalogue of the Manuscripts and Muniments at Dulwich College (London, 1881); and Thomas Fuller, Worthies of England (London, 1662).

ALLEYNE, ELLEN. A pseudonym under which Christina Georgina Rossetti wrote for The Germ.

ALL FOR LOVE, OR THE WORLD WELL LOST. One of Dryden's best-known tragedies, produced in 1678. It is unrhymed, and in some respects is an imitation of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.

ALLGÄU, älʼgoi. A subdivision of the European Alps (q.v.) in its widest sense, surrounding the basin of the Iller River in southwestern Bavaria, Germany. The name is also applied to

the Bavarian districts of Sonthofen and Immenstadt.

ALLGEMEINE ZEITUNG, äl'ge-mi'ne tsï'tung (Ger., "general newspaper"). The first German newspaper of a high class. It succeeded in 1798 the Neueste Weltkunde, and was published by Cotta (q.v.), who had sought Schiller as editor. The journal became the organ of statesmen and publicists, and has always commanded the services of distinguished literary men as critics and correspondents. For more than a century it has maintained its founder's ideal of a newspaper, as a record of German thought, and a trustworthy storehouse of materials for the future historian. First published at Stuttgart, it was successively transferred to Ulm and Augsburg, and is now published at Munich.

ALL HAL/LOWS. See ALL SAINTS' DAY. small AL'LIA. In ancient geography, a stream which flowed into the Tiber about eleven It is celebrated as the miles north of Rome. scene of the defeat of the Roman army by the ImmediGauls, under Brennus, about 390 B.C. ately afterward, Rome was taken, plundered, and burned. It is difficult to identify the Allia with any of the modern streams; but the evidence seems in favor of the Fosso del la Bettina.

AL'LIA'CEOUS PLANTS. Plants of the genus Allium (q.v.), or others nearly allied to it. The term is generally employed to denote not only the possession of certain botanical characters, but also of a certain smell and taste, well known by the term alliaceous, of which examples are readily found in the onion, leek, garlic, and other familiar species of Allium, much employed for culinary purposes. These plants contain free phosphoric acid, and a sulphuretted oil, which is partly dissipated in boiling or roasting. The alliaceous flavor is, however, found also, although in comparatively rare instances, in plants of entirely different botanical affinities -for example, in Sisymbrium alliaria, of the natural order Cruciferæ (see ALLIARIA); in the young shoots of Cedrela angustifolia, a tropical American tree allied to mahogany; and in certain species of Dysoxylum, of the kindred order Meliaceæ, the fruit of which is used instead of garlic by the mountaineers of Java.

ALLIANCE. See HOLY ALLIANCE; TREATY; TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

ALLIANCE, EVANGELICAL. See EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE.

ALLIANCE. FARMERS'. See FARMERS' AL

LIANCE.

ALLIANCE. A city and railroad junction in Stark Co., Ohio, fifty-seven miles south-southeast of Cleveland, on the Mahoning River, and on the Lake Erie, Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago, and several other railroads (Map:

ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE, ål'yäns' ês'rà'â'lēt' y'nê'vâr'sèl'. An association founded at Paris in 1860 for the amelioration of the condition of the Jews throughout the world. The original members of the society were Jews, and by far the largest number of its members at present belong to that faith: but the association has enjoyed at all times the sympathy and coöperation of many prominent Christians. As outlined in its prospectus, the programme of the society included the emancipation of the Jews from oppressive and discriminating laws, political disabilities, and defense of them in those countries where they were subjected to persecution. For the attainment of this object the society purposed to carry on a campaign of education through the press and by the publication of works on the history and life of the Jews. In the beginning, however, the course of action adopted by the society for bringing relief to their oppressed brethren in other countries was to secure the intercession of friendly governments in their behalf. Thus, as early as 1867 the governments of France, Italy, Belgium, and Holland made the renewal of existing treaties with Switzerland conditional upon that country's granting full civil and political rights to the Jews. In 1878, representatives of the Alliance laid the condition of the Jews in the Balkan Peninsula before the Congress of Berlin, as a result of which the Treaty of Berlin stipulated that in Rumania, Servia, and Bulgaria no discrimination should be made against any religion in the distribution of civil rights. Of late years the activity of the Alliance has tended to become more educational than political, and the chief problem with which it was occupied at the be

ginning of the twentieth century was the improvement of the condition of the Jews in the Orient. Schools have been established in Bulgaria, European and Asiatic Turkey, Persia, Tunis, and Morocco. In 1899 the number of such schools was 95, with a teaching staff of 400 and an attendance of 24,000. Instruction is carried on in the language of the country or in the dialect employed by the majority of pupils. In addition to the cultural schools, 32 manual training workshops have been established for boys, and 18 schools of domestic science for girls, the encouragement of handicrafts among the Jews being one of the chief aims of the Alliance. Two farm-schools have been established, one near Jaffa in Palestine, the other at Djedeida, near Tunis; the former of these has supplied the Jewish colonies in Palestine with skilled agriculturists and supervisors. At Paris there is a normal school for the education of teachers who are exclusively drawn from the schools of the Alliance, and are sent back after a thorough training to carry on in their turn the work of instruction in their native countries. In 1899

ALLIANCE OF THE REFORMED CHURCHES HOLDING THE PRESBYTERIAN SYSTEM. An alliance formed in London in 1875. It holds councils, which have no legislative authority but great moral weight. In them the various Augustinian non-prelatical and in general presbyterial bodies find representation. They are upward of ninety in number, scattered all over the world, with 25,000,000 adherents. published reports of the proceedings of these councils contain much valuable matter of all kinds, as papers are read, statistics presented, and many speeches made. The councils have been held at London, 1875; Edinburgh, 1877; Philadelphia, 1880; Belfast, 1884; London, 1888; Toronto, 1892; Glasgow, 1896; Washington, 1899.

The

AL'LIA'RIA. A genus of plants of the natural order Cruciferæ, closely allied to Sisymbrium and Erysimum, and ranked by some botanists in the genus Sisymbrium. It is known by the popular names of sauce-alone and jackby-the-hedge. The best known species, Alliaria officinalis, or, as often commonly called, Sisymbrium alliaria, is a native of Great Britain, not unfrequently found on hedge-banks and in waste places in dry, rich soils, and is common in most parts of Europe. It has also become introduced in a number of places in the United States. It is a biennial, with a stem two to three feet high; large, stalked, heart-shaped leaves, white flowers, and pods much longer than their stalks, which are somewhat spreading. It seems more deserving of cultivation than many other plants

which have long received the constant care of the gardener, being wholesome, nutritious, and to most persons pleasant. The powdered seeds

were formerly employed as a sternutatory.

AL'LIBONE, SAMUEL AUSTIN (1816-89). An American author. He was born at Philadelphia, and although engaged in commercial pursuits, devoted considerable time to literature. It was therefore as an amateur that he began the literary work to which the best part of his life was devoted. This work, the Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors, contains notices of 46,599 writers. The first volume appeared in 1854. Allibone was book editor and corresponding secretary of the American Sunday-school Union, from 1867 to 1873. In 1879 he was appointed librarian of the Lenox Library in New York, and held this position until 1888. He died at Lucerne, Switzerland, Sept. 2, 1889. Besides the Critical Dictionary, he coinpiled the following works: Poetical Quotations from Chaucer to Tennyson, containing 13,600 passages, taken from 550 authors; Prose Quotations,

from Socrates to Macaulay, with indexes to the 8810 quotations, containing the names of 544 authors and 571 subjects (1876); Explanatory Questions on the Gospels and the Acts (1869), An Alphabetical Index to the New Testament (1868), Indexes to Edward Everett's Orations and Speeches (1850-59).

AL/LICE, or ALLIS (Fr. alose, from Lat. alausa). A European shad (Alosa vulgaris) about twenty inches long, caught for food when ascending the rivers to spawn. It is the larger, and considered the better of the two species of European shad, of which the other is called the twaite. These are the maifisch of the Rhine Valley.

ALLIER, à ́lya'. A department in central France (Map: France, K 5). It is formed mainly out of the old province of Bourbonnais. Area, 2848 square miles; population, in 1901, 422,024. Capital, Moulins.

ALLIER. A tributary of the Loire, which has its source in the water-shed in the east of the department of Lozère, France (Map: France, K 6). It flows in a northerly direction, through Haute-Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, and Allier, and after a course of more than 200 miles falls into the Loire below the town of Nevers. It is navigable for 140 miles.

AL'LIGA'TION (Lat. alligare, to bind to, tie up). A form of proportion of eastern origin, which appears in the early works of Arabian and Hindu writers, notably in the Lilavati of Bhaskara Acharya (c. 1150). The process was for several centuries confined to problems concerning the combination of metals. Two forms of alligation were recognized: viz., alligation medial and alligation alternate. Alligation medial teaches the method of finding the price or quality of a mixture of several simple ingredients whose prices or qualities are known; e.g., What is the fineness of gold produced by mixing 6 ounces of gold 22 carats fine with 4 ounces of gold 17 carats fine? Alligation alternate teaches what amount of each of several simple ingredients, whose prices or qualities are known, must be taken to form a mixture of any required price or quality; e.g., How much gold 700 fine and 900 fine must be melted together to produce gold 800 fine? Problems of this kind are indeterminate; that is, they have more than one solution, and are best treated by algebraic equations. Alligation in its arithmetic form has practically disappeared from recent text-books, and may be regarded as obsolete.

ALLIGATOR (Sp. el lagarto, the lizard, Lat. lacertus, lizard). A genus of reptiles of the family Crocodilidæ. True alligators differ from crocodiles in the following respects: The feet are less webbed, the head is shorter and flatter, the long first and fourth teeth of the under jaw fit into pits in the upper jaw, and not into notches between the teeth, and this causes the whole head to be broader and the snout more obtuse than in crocodiles. There are only three species of alligators, according to Professor E. D. Cope, -the jacare and cayman (q.v.) of Central and South America being classified in a distinct genus. These species are: Alligator heloïs (habitat unknown), Alligator Sinensis, of China, and Alligator Mississippiensis, of the southern United States. Among the Neocene fossils of the south of England are remains of an alligator, or of a form that approaches very near to it;

but this single species comprises all extinct species known, showing that the genus is of very modern origin. Their characteristics are largely those of the other crocodilians (see CROCODILE): activity at night, offensive and defensive swinging of the tail, bellowing, egg-laying, etc.; but they are less aquatic than the typical crocodiles, and spend much of their time basking in the sun on land. The alligator of the United States originally ranged from North Carolina to the Rio Grande along the coast, and up the larger rivers, ascending the Mississippi as far as Jefferson County, Miss., about latitude 32°; and in favorable places it used to be enormously abundant. It is now rarely seen north of Florida or the coast swamps of Louisiana; and the constant persecution of it for sport, its hide, ivory, or eggs is fast leading toward its extermination. It is estimated by the United States Fish Commission that 3,000,000 alligators were killed in Florida alone between 1880 and 1900. This alligator reaches about sixteen feet in length when fully grown, and then is greenish black above, having lost the yellowish color-bands that belong to its earlier years. It spends most of the day asleep in the sun on a mud bank or log, slipping into the refuge of the water when disturbed. It is timid and quick to retreat, rarely showing any disposition to attack a man, though boats are sometimes followed. When cornered, or caught upon the hook and hauled ashore, or, as is sometimes done, captured and bound with a rope rushing with formidable open jaws at its enewhen asleep, the animal proves an ugly customer, mies, and striking from side to side with its

powerful tail. They are strong and active swimmers, and always on the lookout for swimming animals like muskrats or dogs, and sportsmen have often lost in this manner dogs that have ventured or been sent into the water after game. Alligators lie in wait in shallows, or close to the shore, for such prey also, yet their main fare is fish, salamanders, and the like. Like other crocodilians, it carries its prey to the bottom to be devoured, and then its windpipe and ears are closed against admission of water. The body of the alligator emits a fetid odor, and its flesh, which is white and tender, has a musky taste, yet is eaten by the Indians and some others. During the colder months it burrows into the swamp mud and hibernates, the depth and length of this torpidity being greater, of course, in the more northerly parts of its habitat. Consult Belt, Naturalist in Nicaragua (London, 1888).

The breeding of the alligator is thus described by Dr. Hugh M. Smith (Bulletin United States Fish Commission, XI., 1891): "The maternal alligator in April or May seeks a sheltered spot on a bank, and there builds a small mound. The foundation of the mound is of mud and grass, and on this she lays some eggs. She covers the eggs with another stratum of grass and mud, upon which she deposits some more eggs. Thus she proceeds until she has laid from 100 to 200 eggs. The eggs in the course of time are hatched by the sun, assisted by the heat which the decomposition of the vegetable material generates. As soon as they have 'chipped the shell' the baby alligators are led to the water by the mother, who provides them with food which she disgorges, showing much anxiety for their safety. At this early period of their existence they are exposed to many dangers, being a favorite prey of fishes and

turtles. Alligators grow very slowly. At fifteen years of age they are only two feet long. A twelve-footer may reasonably be supposed to be seventy-five years old." Alligators are extensively utilized. Their hides can be tanned into an excellent leather, which has become expensive. The teeth, obtained by rotting the skulls in the ground, are of fine ivory, and valued for carving into ornaments. They are worth about $2 a pound (of 50 to 75 teeth). Both flesh and eggs are eaten by some persons, and the eggs are valued because they can be hatched in boxes of warm sand, yielding young alligators to be sold as pets, or killed and made into curious ornaments. See CAYMAN.

ALLIGATOR AP'PLE. See CUSTARD APPLE.

ALLIGATOR FISH. A fish of the family Agonidæ, whose members have an elongated angular body covered with large bony plates that form a coat of mail. The best known one is Podothecus acipenserinus, a species twelve inches long, found on the northern Pacific coast.

ALLIGATOR GAR. The great gar, Litholepis tristochus, of the rivers of the Southern United States, Cuba, Mexico, and Central America, which is greenish in color and sometimes reaches a length of ten feet. See GAR.

ALLIGATOR LIZARD. Any lizard of the iguanid genus Sceloporus, which contains a great number of small species whose heads are not spiny and which have flat scales and no gular fold. They vary in color, but are generally dull above, with one or two light lines along each side and black cross lines or blotches on the back. The inferior surfaces, however, are likely to be brilliantly colored. "The throat and sides of the belly are usually of some shade of blue (sometimes purple). When the animal raises the head, as it habitually does, the brilliant colors of the throat are visible, but those of the sides are much less apparent. All these colors are most conspicuous in the males." (Cope.) These lizards are conspicuous objects everywhere in the southwestern United States and Mexico, running up trees and dodging about the branches, scampering over rocks, hiding in their fissures, or scaling

the sides of stone walls and adobe houses. One

small species, very variable in color, Sceloporus undulatus, is the common "fence lizard" of the eastern and central States. They are exceedingly swift and spry, but perfectly harmless, and increase by means of eggs laid in the sand and left to hatch by the warmth of the sun.

ALLIGATOR PEAR. See AVOCADO PEAR. ALLIGATOR TER/RAPIN, TORTOISE, or TURTLE. A snapping turtle, especially the longnecked, long-tailed, very large species (Macrochelys lacertina) of the southern Mississippi Valley, which may weigh 50 or 60 pounds, and is valued as food. See TURTLE.

AL'LINGHAM, WILLIAM (1824-89). An Anglo-Irish poet, born at Ballyshannon, Donegal. He won attention by Poems (1850), some of which had previously appeared in English periodicals. In the same year he came to London and was appointed to a subordinate post in the customs. He received a civil pension of £60 in consideration of his services to literature in 1864; married Helen Patterson, a well-known water-color painter, in 1874, and in the same year became editor of Fraser's Magazine. died at Hampstead. His first collection of poems

He

was followed by Day and Night Songs (1854), a new edition of which (1855) was illustrated with woodcuts from designs by Arthur Hughes, Rossetti, and Millais. Among subsequent volumes were Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland, an ambitious but unsuccessful narrative poem (1864); In Fairy Land, illustrated by Richard Doyle (1870), Songs, Ballads and Stories (1877), The Fairies (1883), Flower Pieces, and Other Poems, with designs by Rossetti (1888). Mary Donnelly is perhaps the best known of Allingham's many natural and graceful lyrics.

ALLIOLI, äl'lê-ō'lê, JOSEPH FRANZ (17931873). A Roman Catholic biblical scholar. In 1830-36 he issued at Nuremberg, in six volumes, Braun's annotated German translation of the

Bible from the Vulgate, but so revised as to be practically a new work. It was the first of its kind to receive Papal approbation.

An

ALLISON, WILLIAM BOYD (1829-). American legislator. He was born at Perry, O., attended Allegheny and Western Reserve colleges; studied law and practiced in Ohio until 1857, when he removed to Iowa. During the Civil War he was a member of the Governor's staff. Elected as a Republican, he served in the House of Representatives from 1863 to 1871; was elected to the United States Senate, in 1872, and has been reëlected five times. He has

been an active member of the Senate, serving on many commissions. The essential feature of the coinage act of 1878, known as the BlandAllison Act, or more properly the Allison Act, was due to him. He was one of the representatives of the United States at the Brussels Monetary Conference, in 1892. He has several times been a prominent candidate in Republican national conventions for the Presidential nomination. Both President Garfield and President Harrison offered him the Treasury portfolio.

ALLIT'ERA'TION (Lat. ad, to + littera, letter). The frequent occurrence of the same or similar letters or sounds. In old German, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian poetry, alliteration took the place of rhyme. This kind of verse, in its strict form, required that two stressed syl

lables in the first hemistich and one in the second hemistich should have the same sound, if consonantal, as in the following Anglo-Saxon line:

Flota famig heals fugle gelicost. (The boat with bow of foam likest a bird.) Alliterative poems continued to be written in English after it had assumed its modern form. The most remarkable is Piers Plowman, a poem of the fourteenth century, of which the following is a specimen:

In a somer seson whan soft was the sonnc.

Even after the introduction of rhyme, alliteration continued to be largely used as an embellishment of poetry, and is so, though to a less extent, to this day:

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free.-Coleridge." Alliteration is not confined to verse; the charm that lies in it exercises great influence on human speech generally, as may be seen in many current phrases and proverbs in all languages: example, "life and limb," "house and home," "wide wears," "tight tears," etc. It often constitutes part of the point and piquancy of witty writing. Among modern writers this use of al