Milan and Lyons; but his plans were frustrated by the failure of the French army in Italy. Cardinal Amboise was a dexterous, experienced, and ambitious statesman. He governed France wisely, introduced reforms in the judicial system, reduced taxation, and by his benevolence earned the respect of the whole nation. Consult: Le Gendre, Vie du Cardinal d'Amboise (Rouen, 1726); Hardouin, Le Cardinal d'Amboise (Rouen, 1875).

AM/BOY CLAYS. A great series of upper Cretaceous clay deposits found extensively developed in northeastern New Jersey, especially in the region around Perth Amboy, whence the name. The beds, which are of non-marine origin, are also known as the Raritan clays, because the Raritan River flows through the area in which they outcrop, and their total thickness, including the interbedded sands, is about 350 feet. A few of the beds contain an abundance of plant remains, as well as some of mollusks. The Amboy clays are of great economic value, being used in the manufacture of chinaware, firebricks, stone ware, brick, and tile. Large pits have been opened in the deposits at Perth Amboy, South Amboy, Woodbridge, and other points. The clays are used chiefly within the State, but large quantities are also sent to neighboring States. See CRETACEOUS SYSTEM; FIRECLAY; CLAY.

AMBOY'NA (Malay Ambun), APON, or THAU. The most important of the Moluccas, belonging to the Dutch, and lying southwest from Ceram, and northwest from Banda. The island covers an area of 264 square miles and is divided by the bay of Amboyna into two unequal peninsulas (Map: East India Islands, G 5), Hitu, the larger, and Leitimor, the smaller. The surface is highly mountainous, and traversed by numerous streams abounding in fish. The soil is fertile and produces coffee, pepper, indigo, and rice. But the main product of the island is the clove, which grows there in abundance, and constitutes the chief article of commerce. A great part of the

island is covered with forests full of valuable woods. The inhabitants in 1891 numbered 30,

380. They are physically and linguistically Malayan, although some Papuan admixture from Ceram has occurred. They have also some Portuguese blood. Their language contains a considerable Portuguese element, and their religion is Protestantism (introduced by the Dutch), with the addition of rites and ceremonies borrowed from the Portuguese Catholics, and inherited from their aboriginal past. The residency of Amboyna comprises besides the Amboyna Island, the Southern Moluccas, the Banda group (q.v.), Ceram, Buru, Kei Islands (q.v.), Aru Islands, and a few other islands, with a total area of over 18,000 square miles and a population of over 200,000. The capital of the island and of the residency is Amboyna (q.v.) The history of Amboyna is similar to that of the Moluccas, except for the massacre of the British settlers by the Dutch in 1623, for which the Dutch Government was compelled by Cromwell in 1654 to pay the sum of £300,000, in addition to a small island, as a compensation to the families of the massacred. Consult: The Barbarous Proceed ings Against the English at Amboyna (London, 165); Beaumont, Dutch Alliances (London, 1712); Verbeek, "Over de geologie van Ambon," in volumes 6 and 7, Koninklijke akademie van wetenschappen (Amsterdam, 1899).

AMBOYNA. The capital of the Dutch residency of that name, situated near the middle of the northwest shore of Leitimor, one of the peninsulas of the island of Amboyna, in 3° 41′ S. lat., and 128° E. long. It is well-built, has wide streets, and contains a church, several schools, a hospital, and an orphan asylum. The government buildings are situated in Fort Victoria. The roadstead is spacious and affords safe anchorage. The town suffered considerably during an earthquake in January, 1898. Its population is about 9000.

on

AMBOYNA WOOD. See KIABOUCCA. AMBRA CIA (Gk. 'Außpakia, Ambrakia). A Greek city in the southern part of Thesprotia, the Arachthus River, about ten miles from the mouth of the river. It was colonized by the Corinthians, under the leadership of Gorgus, son of Cypselus, in the last half of the seventh century B.C., and soon rose to a position of great wealth and power. Pyrrhus of Epirus made it his capital, and enriched it with many public buildings and works of art. The latter were removed and carried to Rome when the town was taken by the Romans in 189 B.C. After Augustus, in 31 B.C., transferred the inhabitants of Ambracia to the newly founded city of Nicopolis, the former town sank into insignificance. The modern town is Arta.

AMBRA CIAN GULF. See ARTA, GULF OF. AM/BREE, MARY. The subject of a ballad included in Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry; a woman who to avenge the death of her lover is said to have disguised herself as a soldier and fought against the Spaniards at the siege of Ghent in 1584. Though unknown in history, she is frequently alluded to by the poets, especially by Ben Jonson, who refers to her in his Epicone (iv. 2), Tale of a Tub (i. 2), and Fortunate Isles, by Fletcher, in his Scornful Lady (Act v.), and by others of the period, to whom she became a sort of typical virago.

AMBRIZ, ȧm-brēz'. A seaport town, the capital of a district of the same name, in PortuIt has a large ex

guese Angola, West Africa.

port trade in coffee, ivory, and gums. Extensive copper deposits exist in the district. Its occupation dates from 1855. Pop., 2500.

AMBROGIO IL CAMALDOLESE, åm-bro'jo el ka-mäl'do-laʼza (properly AMBROGIO TRAAn Italian humanist and VERSARI) (1378-1439). Greek scholar, born in the Romagna. He early entered the Convent degli Angeli at Florence, studied the Greek ecclesiastical writers in the original when a knowledge of Greek was rare even among scholars, and in 1431 was appointed Director General of the Camaldolese Order by Eugenius IV. A member of the circle which Cosimo de' Medici had assembled at Florence for the restoration of the studies of antiquity, he prepared at the request of Cosimo a translation of Diogenes Laërtius. Symonds refers to him as a "little, meagre, lively, and laborious man."

AMBROS, äm′brôs, AUGUST WILHELM (181676). A musical historian, critic, and composer. He was born at Mauth, Bohemia. His History of Music, on which he was engaged from 1860, was left unfinished with the fourth volume, reaching the seventeenth century. This masterly work has been completed in five volumes by W. Langhans. Die Grenzen der Musik und Poesie (1856), a reply to Hanslick's (q.v.) ultra-purist

theory of the beautiful in music, is of exceptional value. His compositions include pianoforte pieces, songs, two masses, and a national opera, Bretislav a Jitka.

AM'BROSE, SAINT (c. 340-397). One of the most celebrated of the ancient Fathers of the Church, and one of the four doctors of the Western Church. He was born about the year 340, at Trèves, where his father, as prefect of Gaul, was wont to reside. According to his earliest biographer, Ambrose received a fortunate omen even in his cradle: a swarm of bees covered the slumbering boy, and the astonished nurse saw that the bees clustered round his mouth without doing him any harm. His father, perhaps remembering a similar wonder related of Plato, foretold from this a high destiny for Ambrose. He received an excellent education in Rome with his brother Satyrus, who died early, and his sister Marcellina, who became a nun. Ambrose studied

law and entered the civil service, and soon distinguished himself so much that he became, about 370, a consular magistrate in upper Italy, with his court at Milan. In this office his gentleof the people, whose prosperity had been much injured by the troubles caused by Arianism. Accordingly, he was unanimously called, by both Arians and Catholics, to be Bishop of Milan in 374. He long refused to accept this dignity, and even left the city; yet he soon returned, was baptized, as hitherto he had been only a catechumen, and was consecrated eight days afterward. The anniversary of this event is still celebrated as a fête by the Catholic Church. As a bishop, Ambrose won universal reverence by his mild and gentle, though, toward wickedness of every kind, severe and unbending character. Thus he defended the churches of Milan against the proposed introduction of Arian worship by the Empress Justina (385-86), and brought to repentance and public penance the Emperor Theodosius himself, who had caused the rebellious Thessalonians to be cruelly massacred by Rufinus (390). He is best remembered, however, not as the faithful bishop and wise counselor, nor as the fluent preacher and learned theologian, but as the sympathizing friend of Monica, the mother of Augustine, when she deplored his rejection of orthodox Christian teaching, and as the one whom Augustine heard with pleasure and who received him into the Church. Ambrose died in Milan, April 4, 397. The best edition of his works, in which he followed in many things the Greek theological writers, is that published by the Benedictines (2 volumes, Paris, 1686-90), reprinted in Migne, Patr. Lat., XIV.XVII., later edited by Ballerini (Milan, 1875-86; 6 volumes); by C. Schenkle in Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna, 1896 sqq.). English translation of some of his principal works by H. de Romestin (New York, 1896). For his biography consult Barry (London, 1896). His fifteenth centenary was observed in Milan in 1897. Consult Il Quindici Centenario della morte di S. Ambrogio (Milan, 1897). The hymn Te Deum Laudamus is ascribed to Ambrose, but it is proved to have been written one hundred years later. The Ambrosian ritual has also received his name only because Ambrose had made some changes in it, which are retained at the present day in the Milanese Church. A commentary on the Epistles of Paul, which was formerly ascribed to Ambrose, is now frequently

ness and wisdom won for him the esteem and love

ascribed to the Roman deacon Hilarius, and is usually quoted as the "Commentary of the Ambrosiaster." Ambrose is the patron saint of Milan, and the large Ambrosian Library, established by Cardinal Federigo Borromeo in 160209, which now contains the famous cartoon by Raphael for his school of Athens, received its name in honor of him.

AM'BROSE'S TAV'ERN. An old tavern in Edinburgh, noted as the scene of the Noctes Ambrosiana (q.v.) by Christopher North (John Wilson). It is no longer standing; its site is occupied by the new register house.

AMBROSIA (Gk. ἀμβροσία; ἄμβροτος, ambrotos, immortal, from a, a, priv. + BOOTÓS, brotos, for * μροτός, *mrotos, mortal). In the classical mythology, with nectar (q.v.), the food and drink of the gods. The word is etymologically identical with the Sanskrit a-mṛta, immortal, drink of immortality, and the same root appears in the Latin, im-mortalis. Naturally the gods not only eat ambrosia, but also bathe and ambrosial may be applied to any of their posanoint themselves with it; and the adjective sessions. Without ambrosia the gods lose their strength, and if given to mortals it confers ageless immortality. It also preserves bodies from decay. The conception of the nature of ambrosia varied, according to its use. As a food it was like bread; as nectar, like wine. In some of the later writers, nectar becomes the food and ambrosia the drink of the gods.

Beetles of the

AMBRO'SIA BEE'TLES. family Scolytidæ, which differ from the barkborers by pushing their galleries deeply into timberwood and feeding upon a substance called "ambrosia." They include the genera Xyleborus, Platypus, Corthylus, and their allies, and are common and often injurious throughout North America. All are very small, elongate, compact beetles, of the form shown in the illustrations of their work on the Plate illustrating ARMYWORM and AMBROSIA BEETLES, and their cylindrical galleries rarely exceed a tenth of an inch in diameter. These galleries penetrate the solid wood deeply, ramify widely, are uniform and free from dust, and have many short branches, serving as brood-cells; their walls are stained, and the perforations and stain injure the wood for many uses, although not sufficient to harm the life of the tree perceptibly. The most interesting feature of their history is the care given to their young, and the cultivation of fungi-acts unique among beetles, and comparable to those of the social hymenoptera. Habits and methods vary among the different genera, but in general are as follows: Within their galleries is found a substance, taking various forms, most usually that of a cluster of chains of beads, which has been named "ambrosia," and which is shown by the microscope to be a fungus. This fungus is succulent, and forms the food of the insects and their young, and it is planted and cultivated by these beetles, which regard its safety with the apparently anxious solicitude that bees feel toward their stores of honey food. It is started by the mother insect upon a carefully prepared bed of wood dust, some species devoting special chambers to this purpose, others starting a bed anywhere near the larvæ, using the excrement of the larvæ as an aid to its propagation. Sap must be present, however, in order to secure its growth, and in most species the sap must be in a condi

tion of fermentation. Then the fungus must be eaten as it grows-kept grazed down--or it will ripen, emit spores, and choke up the tunnels. All these difficulties are so well met by these minute gardeners that many generations in succession sometimes inhabit and continue to enlarge their system of galleries. These are sometimes bored in vigorous timber, but more often in weak trees, and dead wood is sometimes occupied, certain species exhibiting a special predilection for the staves of wine casks. A full treatment of this group and their customs and effects has been given by H. G. Hubbard, United States Department of Agriculture, new series, Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 7 (Washington, 1897).

AMBRO'SIAN CHANT. The choral music of the early Christian Church, introduced from the Eastern Church into the Western by St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, in the fourth century. It was founded on the first four authentic modes

of the ancient Greeks, and was sung antiphonally. It continued in use until the sixth century, when Pope Gregory the Great reformed the music of the Church by introducing the Gregorian chant (q.v.). There exists still another specimen of music by St. Ambrose, which is now known only in the German-Lutheran Church by Luther's translation of the words, Nun kommt der Heiden Heiland; it is beyond a doubt 1400 years old, and remains to this day a beautiful specimen of melody, expressive of filial humility and submission. The Ambrosian chant continued to be still sung in the cathedral at Milan long after Gregory's reformation, and even now, it is

said, may be heard there. Consult: Camilla Perego, Regola del canto Ambrosiano (Milan, 1862); A. W. Ambros, Geschichte der Musik, Volume II. (Breslau, 1862-82).

AMBRO'SIAN LIBRARY. A famous library in Milan, so named in honor of St. Ambrose, the patron saint of the city. It was founded in 1602 by Cardinal Federigo Borromeo, who, in 1609, formally opened it to the public. The library contains upward of 175,000 printed volumes and 8400 manuscripts, some of them of great value. Among the latter the chief treasures are a Greek Pentateuch of the fifth century; several palimpsest texts, including an early Plautus; fragments of Ulfilas's Gothic translation of the Bible; the celebrated Codex Atlanticus, containing original drawings and MSS. by Leonardo da Vinci, and a copy of Vergil, with marginal notes by Petrarch.

AMBRO'SIO, or THE MONK. A romance by M. G. Lewis (hence known as "Monk" Lewis), first published in 1795. The hero is a Capuchin abbot of Madrid, who loses his character and is condemned by the Inquisition, but saves himself for a time by a compact with Lucifer.

AMBROSIUS, ȧm-brō'sê-us, JOHANNA (1854 -). A German writer. She was born at Lengwethen, East Prussia, August 3, 1854, the daughter of a mechanic, and in 1874 married Joseph Voigt. With only a village-school education, in a life of poverty and daily work, she wrote verses which, by their intense earnestness and rhythmic beauty, at last attracted admiration. Her Poems (Gedichte), two volumes (1894-97), have passed through numerous editions and have been in part translated.

AM/BROTYPE (Gk. außporos, ambrotos, immortal Túñоs, typos, impression). An early

form of positive photograph on glass, similar to the daguerreotype. It consisted of a thin collodion negative backed with a black surface and viewed by reflected light.

AM/BRY, AUMERY, or ALMERY (O. F. almarie, Fr. armoire, from Lat. armarium, a closet, chest; for the b, see ALHAMBRA). A niche in the wall of of wood placed by the side of the altar for the a church shut in by a door, or a small cabinet purpose of holding the vestments and utensils, such as the chalices, basins, cruets, etc., used for the service of the mass. ambries were presses, or even store-rooms or panIn monastic buildings, tries, used for various purposes, such as keeping plate, hanging towels, and the like. In this sense, the term ambry seems to have been applied to any kind of locked cupboard.

AM/BULANCE (Fr. hôpital ambulant, walking hospital, from Lat. ambulare, to walk). A two or four-wheeled wagon constructed for conveying sick or wounded persons. Ambulances are constructed to run very easily, and are designed to carry one or two tiers of stretchers. Some forms are fitted with water-tank, medicine chest, operating-table, and other conveniences. wagons furnished with one or two beds, surgical City hospital ambulances are light, four-wheeled appliances, and restoratives. Since 1899 electric automobile ambulances have been used by the larger hospitals in the larger cities of the United States. A surgeon rides in the ambulance, and in crowded streets a gong is kept sounding in order that the ambulance may have the road cleared. Ambulances used in the army are large spring wagons provided with all the necessary appliances for the care and transportation of the sick and wounded. In each division of the army these wagons are organized into a corps, and placed under the command of an ambulance officer. Railway cars and steamers are also fitted up with conveniences for transporting patients to more remote and permanent hospitals. The system perfected in this country during the Civil War has now been adopted by most of the civilized nations. Several of the Continental countries keep permanently in store railway trains completely equipped for hospital service. In France an ambulance is a portable hospital attached to every division of an army in the field, and provided with all the requisites for the medical succor of sick and wounded troops. Such an ambulance is stationed at some spot removed from immediate danger, and soldiers after a battle seek those who have been wounded and con

vey them to the ambulance. The French also introduced the cacolets, which consist of two easy chairs slung in panniers across the back of a mule, which are available along paths where no wheel-carriage could pass. The cacolets have since been adopted by other armies, as well as improved hand-litters, and wheeled litters or bar

rows.

AMBULANCE CORPS. See HOSPITAL

CORPS.

AM'BULATORY (from Lat. ambulare, to walk). A name given sometimes in architecture to passages or covered walks intended for promenades in monastic, collegiate, or cathedral structures, such as the arcades of a cloister. See MONASTERY.

AM'BUSCADE' (from Low Lat. imboscare, to ambush, from in, in + boscus, bush, wood).

A device of military strategy often employed in ancient and medieval warfare; now, owing to the changed conditions of fighting, rarely possible. Originally it had special reference to bodies of men "concealed in a wood," as its name implies. The only modern instance of the use of this particular device occurred at the battle of Santiago, during the Spanish-American War of 1898, when effective damage was inflicted on the American attacking forces by Spanish sharpshooters hidden in the dense foliage of the trees. Ambuscade must not be confused with AMBUSH, which see.

AM/BUSH (For derivation, see AMBUSCADE). A strategical device, enabling one force successfully concealed to surprise, defeat, or capture another. It is probably the one element of strategy that time has never changed; for notwith

standing the transformation that has taken place in the general science of warfare, the ambush with all its variations of form and method still remains. An ambush may be on any scale, from the surprise and capture of a small reconnoitering patrol, to the defeat of an army. In the latter case, it occasionally is described by a more ambitious title by some European authorities, but such is the exception rather than the rule. Every campaign that history has recorded gives incident after incident of the more or less successful practice of this particular form of strategy; but it has been left to the Anglo-Boer War of 1900-01 for its highest and most successful development. In this campaign the Boers practically owed nearly every success to the use of the ambush in one form or another; a typical example was encountered in General Roberts's campaign. During his march to Bloemfontein, a strong detachment of Boer troops, under General Christian De Wet, cleverly concealed themselves among the rocks and kopjes at a place called Sannahspost. A convoy of 128 wagons, carrying valuable supplies and munitions of war, together with their escort, walked unsuspectingly into the trap, and were captured without the firing of a shot or the showing of a single man other than De Wet himself. A body of 200 volunteer horse, sent from the main column to ascertain the whereabouts of the convoy, were similarly captured, and on attempting to escape were practically annihilated by their unseen enemy. Consult Conan Doyle, The Great Boer War (London, 1901).

AMEER'. See EMIR.

AM'ELAN'CHIER. A genus of plants of the natural order Rosacea distinguished by having five-celled ovaries, each of which is divided by a false partition into two cells, with one ovule in each cell, the ripe fruit including three to five carpels. It consists of a few species of small trees with deciduous simple leaves, abundant racemes of white flowers, and soft, juicy, and agreeable fruit somewhat larger than a pea. The common Amelanchier (Amelanchier vulga ris) is a native of the Alps, Pyrenees, etc. Other species are natives of North America and Asia. Amelanchier botryapium is sometimes called June-berry, from its fruit ripening in June, and Amelanchier Canadensis produces a very pleasant fruit. Among the North American species are Amelanchier Canadensis, known as Shad-bush or Service berry, Amelanchier oligocarpa, Amelanchier alnifolia, and Amelanchier rotundifolia. The Amelanchiers are planted in Great Britain

merely as ornamental trees. They are hardy. AMÉLIA, à-mãʼlê-å (ancient Ameria). A city of Central Italy, 21 miles southwest of Spoleto. It has been the seat of a bishop since 340 A.D., has a cathedral, was the birthplace of Sextus Roscius Amerinus, and claims to be four hundred years older than Rome. Pop., 1881, 5400.

AMELIA. A novel by Fielding, published by Millar, who is said to have paid £1000 for the Two editions copyright, December 19, 1751. were called for on the day of publication. Much of the story is autobiographical, some of the adventures of the hero, Booth, recalling incidents in the author's earlier life in the country, while the title-character was largely suggested by the The book personality of Fielding's first wife. was a great favorite with Dr. Johnson.

Con

sult Piozzi, Anecdotes of the Late Samuel John

son, LL.D. (London, 1786).

AMELIA ISLAND. A small island off the east coast of Florida, opposite the mouth of St. It was Mary's River (Map: Florida, G 1). settled by General Oglethorpe in 1736, and

а

in 1739 it was the scene of the first bloodshed in the war between Spain and England, a party of Spaniards killing two unarmed Highlanders. After 1808 the island, then part of Spanish East Florida, was a notorious resort for pirates, smugglers, and slave-traders. In March, 1812, it was captured by rebels against Spain, and immediately handed over to the United States; early in 1813 the United States troops stationed here were withdrawn, and in 1817 the island was captured by a filibustering expedition, while later in the year a Mexican force took temporary possession of it in the name of Mexico. The United States again occupied it in 1818, and held it in trust for Spain until she acquired the Floridas by the treaty of 1819. Consult McMaster's History of the People of the United States (New York, 18931900).

AMÉLIE-LES-BAINS, à'm'le'l'băn' (Fr. 'watering-place of Amelia,' wife of Louis Philippe), formerly called Arles-les-Bains. A famous watering-place and summer resort in France, situated in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, at the confluence of the Tech and the Mondony, at an altitude of over 700 feet above the sea. It has sulphurous springs, with a temperature from 63° to 145° F., the waters of which are used both externally and internally. It contains a very large military hospital and numerous remains of Roman thermæ. Pop., 1901, 1340.

AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, äm'lô' de lå 's', ABRAHAM NICOLAS (1634-1706). A French historian, who was made a prisoner in the Bastille by order of Louis XIV. He published a History of the Government of Venice, translations of Machiavelli's Prince, of Tacitus's Annals, and of Sarpi's History of the Council of Trent, the notes to the last of which, written by himself, gave great offense to the advocates of the unlimited authority of the Pope. Voltaire speaks of his histories as very good, and of his memoirs as very faulty.

AMEN' (Heb. word, "it is trustworthy," transliterated into Gk. ȧphy, amën, Lat. amen, and so in later versions). A word differently used in the Scriptures. (1) To express the idea that the thing just stated is true, or will come to pass; e.g. Numbers v : 22; Deuteronomy xxvii :

15 passim; 1. Corinthians xiv: 16; (2) To confirm one's own utterances, as in prayers and doxologies; e.g. Romans xv: 33; Galatians vi : 18; (3) In descriptions of God as Christ; e.g. Isaiah lxv: 16; (Heb. translated "truth") Revelation iii: 14; (4) To introduce an affirmation. This is only done by Christ; e.g. John xiii : 21. In John the amen is doubled, for solemnity and emphasis, as elsewhere.

AMEN, HARLAN PAGE (1853-). An American educator. He was born at Sinking Spring, O., and graduated at Harvard University in 1879, having won a scholarship in each year of his course. In 1895 he became principal of Phillips Exeter Academy, which under his management became one of the foremost educational institutions in the United States.

AMENDE HONORABLE, å'mänd′ ô'nô'rå′bl (Fr., honorable amends, satisfactory reparation). Formerly an infamous punishment to which criminals were condemned who had offended against public decency or morality. It was first introduced in France in the ninth century, and remained in force there until formally abrogated in 1791. It was restored as a punishment for sacrilege in 1826, but disappeared finally in 1830. It consisted of a confession made by a bareheaded and kneeling criminal in open court, conducted thither with a rope around his neck by the common hangman. In popular language, the phrase now denotes a public recantation and reparation to an injured party for improper language or treatment, or is still further extended to mean an apology of any kind, an "honorable compensation" for insult or injury.

The

AMEND'MENT. A term used with reference both to legislative action and parliamentary and judicial procedure. Amendment in legislation is the alteration of an existing statute by means of a new legislative enactment, which may expressly refer to and modify the earlier law, or which by reason of its inconsistency with the earlier law may impliedly modify its meaning. In general there is no limitation upon the power of legislative bodies to amend or repeal existing laws, except the provisions of the constitution to which the legislative body is subject. British Parliament, being itself the constitutionmaking body, has unrestricted power to amend and repeal existing laws. In the United States, Congress has power to repeal laws of the United States, but it has no power to amend the provisions of the constitution. The method of amending the Constitution of the United States is provided by Article V. of that instrument, but the exercise of this power is limited by the provision "that no State without its consent shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.” The United States Constitution contains no provision directly limiting the power of the State Legislatures to repeal the statute law of the several States; but Article I., Section 10, providing that "No State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contract," amounts to a restriction on the power of the State Legislature to repeal statutes which are in effect contracts with the citizen of the State. This construction was first established in the celebrated Dartmouth College case (q.v.). The several State constitutions may also, and frequently do, limit the power of the Legislature to amend or repeal existing laws. See CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; ABROGATION.

Amendment in parliamentary procedure is

used in order to vary or to qualify a motion, bill, or resolution before the House. Amendment is usually offered by means of a motion, and when adopted in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure becomes a part of the original motion or bill, which may then be voted upon. In the case of bills before legislative bodies, amendment is not infrequently a method of changing the entire scope and meaning of a bill, or of dismissing it from any further considerathorities there referred to. tion. See PARLIAMENTARY LAW, and the au

Amendment in the law of pleading and practice is the correction of an error or defect in a pleading or judicial proceeding in the progress of action or proceeding. The amendment may be "as of course," i.e., without application to the counsel or judge, or "on leave," as the statute or rules of pleading and practice may require. Amendment at common law independently of statute might be made to remedy formal defects, by leave of the court at any time before the signing of the judgment in the action. Leave to amend was a discretionary matter, and when granted, it might be on such terms as the court should direct, usually on payment of the costs of the action up to the time of amendment. modern statutes amendments are allowed after judgment in furtherance of justice, and are more liberally allowed than formerly, when the defect is one of substance or affects the merits of the case. See PLEADING; PRACTICE; STATUTE OF JEOFAILS, and the authorities there referred to.

B.C.

By

A'MENEM'HAT. The name of four Egyptian kings of the twelfth dynasty. AMENEMHAT I.— He reigned for thirty years, beginning about 2130 How he came to the throne is not known, but on his accession he found Egypt in a state of great disorder. He thoroughly reorganized the government, restored order, and conducted a wise and vigorous administration. He checked the power of the great nobles, and personally superintended a new survey of the whole land. Amenemhat warred in Nubia and on the Asiatic frontier of Egypt, but his chief attention was devoted to internal affairs. He was a great builder, and his monuments are found from Nubia to the Delta. In later times he was esteemed a sage, and, in a work composed, apparently, under the ninteenth dynasty, he is represented as giving instructions in the art of government, based on his own experience, to his son Usertesen (afterward Usertesen I.). AMENEMHAT II. He reigned for 35 years, beginning about 2066 B.C. During the first two years of his reign he was regent with his father, Usertesen I., and, for three years before his death, his son Usertesen II. was associated with him in the gov ernment. In the twenty-eighth year of his reign he sent an expedition to Punt on the Somali coast. AMENEMHAT III.-Son of Usertesen III. He reigned for 44 years, from about 1986 B.C. Monuments of this king are found throughout Egypt, but his greatest work was connected with the Fayum (Coptic, Phiom, "the lake"). Amenemhat I. (q.v.), had built a dam, reclaiming a considerable extent of land from the highest part of the bed of Lake Moris. Amenemhat III. greatly extended this system of damming. By means of a large embankment, about 20 miles long, he reclaimed some 40 square miles of fertile land, and, at the same time, converted the lake into a gigantic reservoir, whose waters, replenished annually by the inundation of the Nile,