he became Dean of the Harvard Law School. He has published various articles in the Harvard Law Review and similar periodicals, and has compiled and edited numerous valuable collections of cases on torts, trusts, and suretyship, and other legal questions. He received the degree of LL.D. from New York University (1898), the University of Wisconsin (1898), and the University of Pennsylvania (1899).

AMES, JOSEPH (1689-1759). An English antiquary and bibliographer, born at Yarmouth. He was in some sort of mercantile pursuit, and in addition to various other compilations published the Typographical Antiquities (1749), regarded as forming the foundation of English bibliography.

AMES, JOSEPH (1816-1872). An American portrait painter. He was born in Roxbury, N. H., and studied at Rome, Italy, where he painted a fine picture of Pope Pius IX. On his return to America he lived successively at Boston, Baltimore, and New York, where he was elected a member of the National Academy of Design in 1870. His best portraits are those of Emerson, Rachel, Ristori, Clarence H. Seward, Webster, Choate, and President Felton of Harvard. Among the paintings treating of ideal subjects, that entitled "The Death of Webster" is generally considered the best.

AMES, JOSEPH SWEETMAN (1864-). An American physicist and educator, born at Manchester, Vt. He graduated in 1886 at the Johns Hopkins University, and became professor of physics there. He was elected an honorary member of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, has edited (New York, 1898) J. von Fraunhofer's memoirs on Prismatic and Diffractive Spectra, and has published The Theory of Physics (1897), Elements of Physics (1900), and The Induction of Electric Currents (2 volumes, 1900).

AMES, MARY CLEMMER (1839-84). An American author, best known by her "Woman's Letter from Washington," contributed for many years to the New York Independent. She was born at Utica, New York, and at an early age married the Rev. Daniel Ames, from whom she was divorced in 1874. In later life she removed to

Washington, where her home was a literary and social centre, and in 1883 she married Edmund Hudson, editor of the Army and Navy Register. Her works include Eirene, a novel (1870), Ten Years in Washington (1871), and Memorials of Alice and Phoebe Cary (1872), of whom she had been an intimate friend. Her complete works were published at Boston, 4 volumes (1885). Consult Hudson, Memorial Biography of Mary C. Ames (Boston, 1886).

AMES, NATHAN P. (1803-47). An American manufacturer of firearms, ordnance, and cutlery. In early life he owned extensive cutlery works at Chicopee Falls, Mass., but afterward removed to Cabotsville. The works were supplemented in 1836 by a bronze foundry, where most of the brass guns for the United States Army were cast. There also the statues of DeWitt Clinton, in

Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn; of Washington, in Union Square, New York; and of Franklin, in School Street, Boston, were cast.

AMES, OAKES (1804-1873). An American manufacturer and legislator. He was born at Easton, Mass., and at an early age entered his father's workshop, where he soon familiarized

himself with every detail of the shovel business, which, upon the discovery of gold in California and the impetus thereby given to railroad building, soon became a most important industry. In 1864, after others had failed, he was called upon by President Lincoln and others to build the Union Pacific Railroad, which great undertaking he successfully completed on May 10, 1869. He had invested $1,000,000 in the enterprise, and had pledged the remainder of his fortune for the same purpose. He was censured by the Forty-second Congress for participation in the Credit Mobilier scheme, but afterward was vindicated in a resolution passed by the Massachusetts Legislature (May 10, 1883). From 1862 to 1873 he was a member of Congress from the second Massachusetts district. His will contained a bequest of $50,000 to children of North Easton, Mass. A fine monument in his memory was erected by the Union Pacific Railroad at Sherman, Wyoming, 8550 feet above the sea level-the highest point reached by the railroad.

AMES, OLIVER (1831-95). The thirty-first governor of Massachusetts, a son of Oakes Ames (q.v.). He was trained in his father's manufactory, and upon his death undertook the discharge of the numerous financial obligations incurred by the building of the Union Pacific Railroad and other enterprises, paying within a few years debts aggregating millions of dollars. In 1882 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts, serving for four successive terms, and in 1886 was elected Governor, to which office he was reëlected in 1887 and 1888.

AMES, WILLIAM (1576-1633). An English Puritan clergyman and writer on moral philosophy, born in the county of Norfolk. He studied at Christ College, Cambridge, and was professor of theology in the University of Franeker, Friesland, from 1622 to 1632. His best-known work is De Conscientia, eius Iure et Casibus (1632), long highly esteemed in the schools.

AMESBURY, ămzbĕr-i. A town in Essex Co., Mass., on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 42 miles northeast of Boston (Map: Massachusetts, F 2). It has a public library of 7500 volumes, and extensive manufactures of carriages, carriage manufacturers' supplies, hats, shoes, cotton goods, and underwear. The government is administered by town meetings, held annually. Originally a part of Salisbury, Amesbury was virtually separated as New Salisbury in 1654, and was incorporated in 1666, and named (from Amesbury, England) in 1667. John Greenleaf Whittier (q.v.) lived here from 1836 until his death in 1892. Pop., 1890, 9798; 1900, 9473. Consult: J. Merrill, History of Amesbury (Haverhill, 1880).

AM/ETHYST (Gk. ȧuédvoros, amethystos, a remedy against drunkenness, from a, a, priv. + μEO, methy, wine). A violet blue or bluish violet variety of quartz, the color of which is believed to be due to manganese oxide. It is one of the most esteemed varieties of quartz, and is much employed for seals, rings, and other articles of jewelry. The ancients imagined it to possess the property of preventing drunkenness, and those addicted to that habit wore it on their persons. Amethyst frequently occurs lining the interior of balls or geodes of agate, and in veins and cavities in various rocks. The finest specimens are from Scotland, Siberia, India, and Cey

1

lon. In the United States the amethyst is found in many localities, but seldom of sufficient clearness or color to be used as a gem. The Lake Superior crystals, from the slaty formations around Thunder Bay, are perhaps the best known, and annually thousands of dollars worth is sent from this locality to be sold at Niagara Falls, and other tourist resorts. The Oriental amethyst is a purple variety of corundum.

ΑΜΈΤΟΡΙΑ (Gk. «, a, priv. + μέτρον, metron, measure, or åμérpos, ametros, disproportionate, ōps, eye). A condition of the eye such that when it is resting parallel rays of light reaching it are focused either in front of or behind instead of upon the retina. It is the reverse of emmetropia, the condition of the normal eye. See HYPEROPIA; MYOPIA; ASTIGMAT

ISM; VISION.

AMGA, ȧm-gä'. A river in the territory of Yakutsk, Siberia, rising in the Yablonoi Mountains, running north-northeast, and joining the Aldan, one of the tributaries of the Lena (Map: Asia, N 2).

AMHARA, ȧm-hä'rå (the high lands). The central division of Abyssinia, occupying the territory around Lake Tsana (Map: Africa, H 3). The capital is Gondar (q.v.) See AMHARIC LANGUAGE.

AMHARIC (åm-hä'rik) LAN'GUAGE. A modern Semitic dialect which derives its name from the people of Amhara (q.v.), one of the divisions of Abyssinia. Next to the Arabic, Amharic is the most widely spread of the Semitic languages. It has displaced in popular usage the original language of Abyssinia, the Ethiopic or Geez, and is now the spoken tongue, whereas the Geez is the religious tongue. For many years Amharic had no writing, so that it changed very much in its forms, conjugations, and even in the meanings of its roots. Moreover, its vocabulary received non-Semitic additions from the surrounding African tribes. Hence it is that Amharic is the least Semitic of the Semitic languages, and this appears very strongly in the syntax. When the Amharic language began to be written, the Ethiopic or Geez letters were used. In this way something resembling a literature has grown up in comparatively modern times. There is an Amharic Bible, prepared by missionaries, and we have a few texts, such as Guidi's Le Canzoni geez-amarina in onore di RèAbissini (Rome, 1889); of grammars there are Ludolph's (Frankfort, 1698); Isenberg's (London, 1842) Massaja's (Paris, 1867); Prätorius (Halle, 1879); Guidi (Rome, second edition, 1892); of dictionaries, Isenberg's (London, 1841); A. d'Abbadie's (1881). See AFRICAN LANGUAGES.

AM'HERST. A district of Lower Burma (q.v.), British India.

AMHERST. A town in Hampshire Co., Mass., 98 miles west of Boston, on the Boston and Maine and Vermont Central railroads (Map: Massachusetts, C 3). The scenery is picturesque, with beautiful views of the Connecticut Valley, Mount Holyoke, and other mountains. It is the seat of Amherst College, and of the Massachusetts Agricultural College (q.v.). Straw hat manufacture is the principal industry. Probably settled as early as 1703, Amherst was part of Hadley, and was known successively as New Swamp, Hadley Farms, East Farms, and East

Hadley until, in 1759, it was incorporated as a district under its present name, given by Governor Pownall in honor of General Jeffrey Amherst (q.v.). In 1776 it became a town. The government is administered by town meetings, which convene annually to elect officers and raise funds for current expenses. Pop., 1890, 4512; 1900, 5028. Consult Carpenter and Morehouse, The History of the Town of Amherst (Amherst, 1896).

AMHERST. A busy Canadian seaport, the capital of Cumberland Co., Nova Scotia, near the head of Cumberland Basin, an inlet of the Bay of Fundy. It is 138 miles northeast of Halifax by rail, has substantial public and private buildings, and a considerable lumber and general trade. Pop., 1901, 4964.

AMHERST, JEFFREY, BARON (1717-79). An He was born at Riverhead, English soldier. Kent, and for some time was a page in the house

hold of the Duke of Dorset. He entered the army as ensign in 1731, soon became an aide-decamp of General Ligonier, and in the War of the Austrian Succession served at Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Roncoux, and in the Seven Years' War at Hastenbeck. In 1758 Pitt raised him from the rank of lieutenant-colonel to that of major-general, and put him in command of the expedition against Louisburg, which, after a short siege, surrendered on July 27. In September he replaced Abercromby as commander-inchief of the English forces in America; and in 1759 led the expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, gaining possession of the former July 23, and of the latter August 1. In the following year he commanded in person the forces before Montreal, and on September 8 compelled the French to capitulate and surrender Canada with all its dependencies to the British crown. For his services he was appointed Governor-General of British North America, was formally thanked by Parliament, and was made a Knight of the Bath. Having no knowledge of Indian warfare, and scorning to avail himself of the undisciplined colonial militia, he proved unfit for the task of suppressing the conspiracy of Pontiac (q.v.), and returned to England in 1763, where, as the conqueror of Canada, he was received with the greatest enthusiasm. He was absentee Governor of Virginia from 1763 to 1768, was appointed Governor of Guernsey in 1770, and became a Privy Councillor in 1772. From 1772 to 1782, and from 1783 to 1793 he was acting Commander-in-chief of the British Army. He became a general in 1778, was Commander-in-Chief 1793 to 1795, and was made a Field-Marshal in 1796. For his record as an officer in America, consult: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (Boston, 1884); and The Conspiracy of Pontiac (Boston, 1851).

AMHERST, WILLIAM PITT, EARL (17731857). A British diplomatist and statesman. He succeeded his uncle Jeffrey as Baron Amherst in 1797. In 1816 he was sent as ambassador to China, where he refused to perform what he thought a degrading act of kneeling, which was required of all who would see the Emperor. For this he was not allowed to enter Peking, and the On the object of his mission was frustrated. way home he was wrecked. Another ship, in which he returned, touched at St. Helena, where he had several interviews with Napoleon. He was Governor-General of India, from 1823 to

1828, and for his services in conducting the first Burmese War he was created an earl in 1826.

AM'HERSTBURG. A town in Ontario, Canada, on the Detroit River, six miles above Lake Erie. It is one of the oldest settlements in Upper Canada, is a port of entry, was formerly a garrison town, and is connected with Detroit, Mich., by a steamer line. It has a public library, electric lighting, water works, various manufactures, and is the seat of a United States consulate. In the war of 1812 it was dismantled by the British in September, 1813, and destroyed by General Harrison, of the United States Army, a week later. Pop., 1901, 2222.

AM'HERST COLLEGE. A leading American college, situated at Amherst, Mass., and founded in 1821 by Congregationalists in the interest of Christian education. Up to the year 1900 the graduates numbered 4160, of whom 1237 entered the clergy, while an equally large number became teachers. The unusual educational influence wielded by Amherst for half a century was due to a considerable extent to two of its presidents, Edward Hitchcock and Julius H. Seelye. The former was probably the most distinguished American geologist of his time, and the latter united with a broad scholarship in the humanities great ability as a practical educator. Am

herst has never endeavored to branch out as a university, but has steadily increased in efficiency as a non-specialized and non-technical liberal college. In 1900 the faculty numbered 36, and the students 400. The total value of the buildings and grounds is about $1,000,000; the interest of over $240,000 is used to aid needy students; the annual income of the college is about $110,000, and the entire property under the control of the college aggregates $2,500,000. The library contains 75,000 volumes, and is the largest belonging to any purely collegiate institution in the country. Of accessories to the college may be mentioned the Hitchcock ichnological cabinet, the Adams collection in conchology, the Shepard meteoric collection, and an extensive and valuable geological and mineralogical collection gathered largely by the personal efforts of Professor Benjamin K. Emerson. The Pratt Gymnasium, athletic field, and college hospital are the gifts of the sons of the late Charles Pratt of Brooklyn, N. Y. The presidents have been: Zephaniah Swift Moore, D.D., 1821-23; Heman Humphrey, D.D., 1823-45; Edward Hitchcock, D.D.,LL.D., 1845-54; William A. Stearns, D.D., LL.D., 1854-76; Julius H. Seelye, D.D., LL.D., 1876-90; Merrill Edwards Gates, LL.D., Ph.D., 1890-99; George Harris, D.D., LL.D., 1899. Consult Tyler, A History of Amherst College (New York, 1896).

AM'ICABLE NUM'BERS (Lat. amicabilis, friendly). Two numbers, each of which is the sum of the factors of the other, are called amicable numbers, as 220 and 284, e.g.:

was born at Modena, where he was afterward professor of mathematics at the University. In 1831 he was appointed superintendent of education, and subsequently became director of the observatory and professor of astronomy at Florence. The various pieces of physical and astronomical apparatus designed or constructed by him include a reflecting telescope, an achromatic microscope, polarization apparatus, a micrometer for telescopes, and a reflecting prism. He published papers on observations on double stars, the moons of Jupiter, the sun, and on various botanical subjects, such as the circulation of the sap in plants.

AMICIS, ȧ-me'chês, EDMONDO DE (1846—). One of the most popular of living Italian authors. He was born at Oneglia, in Liguria, October 21, 1846. In 1861 he graduated from the military academy at Modena, with the rank of sub-lieutenant, and five years afterward participated in the battle of Custozza. For a while he edited a Florentine journal, L'Italia Militare, and subsequently took part in the Roman occupation of 1870; but having achieved some success with a volume of sketches of army life, Bozzetti (1868), he abandoned both the military and the journal istic career, and undertook a series of voyages to England, Holland, Spain, Africa, Turkey, and South America. Almost all these gave him material for brilliant and widely popular volumes of travel, such as La Spagna (1873), Ricordi di Londra (1874), L'Olanda (1874), Marocco (1875), and Constantinopoli (1877). These volumes have been translated into many languages. They show a keen power of observation, a genial humor, and a broad spirit of tolerance, which would justify their popularity even without the warm coloring and glowing vividness of description, in which respect his style challenges comparison with that of Théophile Gautier. Other writings include Ritratti letterari (1881), a series of personal impressions of well-known writers, including Zola and Dumas fils; a sympathetic and semi-humorous volume on friendship, Gli Amici (1882), and a number of historical novelettes, collected under the title, Alle porte d'Italia (1888). Of recent years De Amicis has become deeply interested in educational and economic questions, and in many ways his greatest literary success is a simple little volume, Il Cuore ("The Heart of a Boy"), intended primarily for children, and recording the events of a single school year as told from day to day by one of the pupils. In Italy, it is nearing its two hundredth thousand. Educational problems have also given De Amicis his subject for his more serious attempt at fiction, La mastrina degli operai (1895), and Il romanzo d'un mæstro (1895). The last-named volume shows a strong socialistic tendency, which he has since openly avowed. "As a fountain of literary inspiration," he said recently, "socialism seems to me most valuable. Since the last outbreak of patriotism and of patriotic literature in Italy, we have had no sort of vital literature. But socialism will give it to us." His latest volumes are La carozza di tutti (1899), Memorie (1899), Speranza e glorie (1900), Ricordi d'infanzia e di scuola (1901).

AMI'CUS CU'RIÆ (Lat., friend of the court). One, usually a counselor at law, who volunteers information, or gives it at the request of the court, upon some matter of law in regard to

which the judge is doubtful, or information upon matters of fact of which the court may take judicial cognizance. The amicus curiæ cannot add anything to the record or increase the power of the court to dispose of the matter in hand. The amicus curiæ in general has no control over an action, as does the attorney of record; but in some cases, as when letters of administration have been issued without author

ity, he may move to set the proceeding aside. By an early English statute the amicus curia was permitted to move to quash an improper indictment.

AM'IDAS, PHILIP. See AMADAS, PHILIP.

AM'IDAVAD' (amadavat, Indian name; the bird was first imported from the city of Ahmedabad). A cage-bird (Estrilda amandava), one of the small weaver-finches of India, having a pretty song and a social disposition, so that it is a favorite for aviaries. The plumage is most brilliant, the prevailing colors being fiery red, black, and yellow. It requires the food and care given to a canary. See CAGE-BIRDS.

AM'IDES, or ACID AM'IDES (derived from ammonia). An interesting class of organic compounds formed by the substitution of organic acid radicles for one or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia (NH). If one of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia is replaced by an acid radicle, the resulting compound is termed a primary amide; if two acid radicles are introduced into the molecule of ammonia, a secondary amide is obtained; finally, if all the three hydrogen atoms of ammonia are replaced by acid radicles, a tertiary amide is obtained. The relation of these three sub-classes of amides to ammonia is shown by the following formula, representing compounds containing one or more acetyl groups (radicles of acetic acid):

Amides are also subdivided into fatty and aromatic amides, according as their acid radicles are derived from fatty or from aromatic acids; thus, acetamide (corresponding to acetic acid) is a fatty amide, while benzamide (derived from benzoic acid) is an aromatic amide.

The primary amides are by far more numerous and important than the secondary or tertiary amides. From the above it is evident that their molecule consists of two parts: viz., one acid radicle and the group NH2. A number of interesting derivatives of the amides have been obtained by replacing the hydrogen of the latter group. Thus, from acetamide, CH,CONH2, compounds may be readily obtained, represented by the following formule: CH ̧CONH (CH1)—methyl-acetamide; CH,CON (CH3)2-di-methyl-acetamide; CH,CONHAg-silver-acetamide; CH,CO NHBr-bromine-acetamide, etc.

The following are the principal general methods by which primary acid amides may be prepared:

1. When the ammonium salts of many fatty organic acids are distilled, they lose the elements of water, and the corresponding amides are formed. Thus, acetamide is made by distilling

The amides are all soluble in alcohol and in ether, and many are more or less soluble in water. Most of them are solid crystalline substances that can be distilled without decomposition.

The acid amides should be distinguished from the amido-acids; compounds of the latter class may be obtained by treating the halogen-substitution products of acids with ammonia, while, as stated above, the acid amides are produced by the action of ammonia on the chlorides of acid radicles. The following two equations may serve to show the formation of, and the difference in chemical constitution between, an acid amide and an amido-acid:

AM'IDO-AC'IDS, See AMIDES.

AMID'SHIP, or MIDSHIP. See SHIPBUILDING. AMIEL, å'myěl', HENRI FRÉDÉRIC (1821-81). A Swiss essayist, poet, and professor of æsthetics. He was born at Geneva, September 27, 1821, and died there, May 11, 1881. He is remembered almost solely for his Journal intime, a diary of 1700 pages of manuscript, posthumously published in part in 1883-84 and translated into English in 1889, with a critical study by Mrs. Humphry Ward. This journal, through its singu lar clearness, keenness of insight, and sensitiveness to impression, is the complete revelation of a cast of mind that felt itself peculiarly modern and peculiarly entitled to be self-distressed. It expresses with masterful passion and original power the spiritual yearning and despair of a pure soul gasping in a rationalistic atmosphere. Thus Amiel is a curious projection into reality of the Shakespearean Hamlet, in whom morbid introspection numbs action. He is more fascinating than stimulating, more sombre than pessimistic, more subtle than strong. His thoughts will be cherished for the beauty of their form rather than for any tonic quality in their teaching. There is a Life of Amiel, by Vadier (Paris,

1885). Consult also, Bourget, Nouveaux Essais (Paris, 1885).

AMIENS, à'myǎN' (From the Lat. Ambiani, the name of a Belgic tribe; literally "dwellers on the water;" compare Gadhel. abhain, abhuinne, water, a river). The capital of ancient Picardy and of the present French department of Somme, situated on the River Somme, 81 miles by rail from Paris (Map: France, J 2). The residential section is well built with wide, well-paved streets and fine squares. The business part of the town is crossed by several canals, and is rather unattractive. The old town is surrounded with boulevards, which occupy the site of the ancient fortifications, and there is in the western part of the town an extensive pleasure ground, the Promenade de la Hotoie, used for public concerts and festivals. The world-famous cathedral is

situated in the eastern part of the city, facing the Place Nôtre Dame. Besides being the largest ecclesiastical edifice of France, the cathedral of Amiens is also one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in Europe. Its construction was begun in 1220 by the architect Robert de Luzarches, and was continued by Thomas de Cormont and his son Renault. It was finished in 1288, but many additions have been made since; the two side towers of the western façade, however, are still unfinished. The length of the cathedral is 470 feet, that of the transept 213 feet, and the width of the nave 144 feet. The main façade has three lofty porches profusely decorated with statuary and other sculptural ornaments. The central spire over the transept is very slender, and 360 feet in height. The interior is also very imposing. The nave is 147 feet high, and the vaulting is supported by 126 columns. There are numerous chapels, and the transepts are covered with fine reliefs. At the sides of the nave are placed bronze statues of the two founders of the cathedral, and there are also large marble statues at the entrance to the choir. Besides the cathedral the most noteworthy buildings are the town hall and the Château d'Eau, where the water works of the city are situated. Of educational establishments Amiens has a lyceum, a medical school, a theological seminary, a municipal library, with about 100,000 volumes and nearly 600 manuscripts, and the museum of Picardy, containing collections of antiquities, sculptures, and paintings. Amiens was of considerable industrial importance as early as the twelfth century, and in the sixteenth century it became one of the largest centres of the textile industry in France. At present the chief manufactures of Amiens are linen, woolens, silk, plush, and shoes. Amiens is the seat of a bishop and of a court of appeals. Pop., 1901, 90,758.

Amiens was anciently known as Samarobriva, and was the capital of the Gallic Ambiani. Cæsar included it in Gallia Belgica, and it became a Roman stronghold; Marcus Aurelius adorned it. In the fifth century it fell into the hands of the Franks. In 1185 Philip Augustus, in consolidating the kingdom, induced Philip of Alsace to Icede it to the crown.

AMINA, ȧ-mēnå. In Bellini's opera, La Sonnambula, the heroine, an orphan, who walked in sleep.

AMIN'ADAB SLEEK. See SLEEK, AMIN

ADAB.

AMINE, ȧ-mēn'. The name of two characters in the Arabian Nights. (1) In the History of Sidi Nouman, his wife, whose habit of eating only so much rice as she could pick up on a bodkin excited his suspicions, and who, he discovered, partook of ghoulish feasts in the cemetery. She used also to lead her three sisters about like hounds. (2) In the story of Three Ladies of Bagdad, the half-sister of Zobeide and wife of Amin, the Caliph's son, who becomes estranged from her, but is reconciled.

AM'INES (Derived from ammonia). A general term applied in organic chemistry to an important class of basic compounds derived by substituting hydro-carbon radicles like methyl (CH), ethyl (C2H,), etc., for one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia (NH). The compound CH,NH, is called methyl-amine; the compound (CH3)2NH di-methyl-amine; the compound (CH),N tri-methyl-amine. An amine derived by replacing one hydrogen atom of ammonia is called a primary amine; one derived by amine; finally, one derived by replacing all of the replacing two hydrogens is called a secondary hydrogen of ammonia is called a tertiary amine. The three compounds just mentioned are examples, respectively, of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

The amines may be readily prepared by the action of halogen substitutive products of the hydrocarbons upon ammonia (Hofmann's method). Thus, by the action of mono-iodoethane (ethyl iodide) upon ammonia, one or more ethyl groups (C2H,) are introduced into the molecule of ammonia (NH,), according to the following chemical equations, which usually take place simultaneously:

1. CHI + NH, = C,H.NH. + HI Ammonia Ethyl-amine Hydriodic acid

2.

Ethyliodide

2C,H,I + NH, = (C2Hs)2NH + 2HI

Di-ethyl-amine

3C.HI + NH = (C2H5),N + 3HI

Tri-ethyl-amine

3. As the amines are powerful bases, they combine, of course, with the hydriodic acid formed in these reactions, producing salts like C2H,NH,HI, from which the amines are readily isolated by distilling with caustic alkalies.

Simultaneously with the above three reactions, a fourth reaction takes place: viz., between the halogen substitution product of the hydrocarbon and the tertiary amine produced in the third reaction. This fourth reaction, in the case of tri-ethyl-amine, is represented by the following equation:

Ethyl-iodide

= (CHS),N Tri-ethyl-amine

(C,H,),NI Tetr-ethyl-ammonium iodide

The compound formed in this reaction is evidently ammonium iodide (H,NI), all the hydrogen of which has been replaced by ethyl-groups (CH); it is therefore named tetr-ethyl-ammonium-iodide. When treated in aqueous solution with silver hydroxide, it is transformed into tetr